Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder01:28

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

312
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a mental health condition characterized by recurrent obsessions, compulsions, or both, which consume significant time and interfere with daily functioning. Obsessions involve persistent, intrusive, and unwanted thoughts, images, or urges that evoke anxiety. Common examples include irrational fears of contamination or harm. Compulsions are repetitive behaviors or mental acts performed to reduce the anxiety caused by obsessions. For instance, individuals...
312
Operant Conditioning Intervention01:24

Operant Conditioning Intervention

306
Operant conditioning serves as a foundational principle in therapeutic interventions aimed at modifying maladaptive behaviors. Central to this approach is the notion that behaviors, both adaptive and maladaptive, are learned through reinforcement. By analyzing the environmental factors that reinforce problematic behaviors, clinicians can design interventions to weaken these reinforcements and replace maladaptive behaviors with healthier alternatives.
In operant conditioning, behaviors that are...
306
Muscle Stimulation Frequency01:22

Muscle Stimulation Frequency

3.9K
The contraction strength of muscles is regulated by motor neurons, which modulate the frequency of action potentials dispatched to the motor units based on the body's requirements. This process of varying the muscle stimulation frequency allows muscles to contract with a force that is precisely tailored to the needs of the moment, whether lifting a feather or a heavy box.
Wave summation
At low firing rates, motor neurons induce individual twitch contractions in muscle fibers. These twitches...
3.9K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Salient experiences enhance mundane memories through graded prioritization.

Science advances·2025
Same author

Co-localized optode-electrode design for multimodal functional near infrared spectroscopy and electroencephalography.

Neurophotonics·2025
Same author

Beta-band neural variability reveals age-related dissociations in human working memory maintenance and deletion.

PLoS biology·2024
Same author

The right posterior parietal cortex mediates spatial reorienting of attentional choice bias.

Nature communications·2024
Same author

A meta-analysis suggests that tACS improves cognition in healthy, aging, and psychiatric populations.

Science translational medicine·2023
Same author

Dissociable rhythmic mechanisms enhance memory for conscious and nonconscious perceptual contents.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2022
Same journal

Generalizable AI predicts immunotherapy outcomes across cancers and treatments.

Nature medicine·2026
Same journal

Immune aging biomarkers for clinical trials.

Nature medicine·2026
Same journal

Lassa fever countermeasures gather pace.

Nature medicine·2026
Same journal

Why high scores do not mean application readiness for health AI.

Nature medicine·2026
Same journal

Polypill for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: the POLY-HF randomized trial.

Nature medicine·2026
Same journal

Biological aging might help to explain the rising risk of early-onset cancer.

Nature medicine·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 21, 2025

Signal Attenuation as a Rat Model of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
09:29

Signal Attenuation as a Rat Model of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

Published on: January 9, 2015

15.7K

High-frequency neuromodulation improves obsessive-compulsive behavior.

Shrey Grover1, John A Nguyen1, Vighnesh Viswanathan1

  • 1Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA.

Nature Medicine
|January 19, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study reveals that personalized brain stimulation targeting reward circuitry can rapidly modulate learning and significantly reduce obsessive-compulsive behaviors for months. This offers a promising avenue for novel, circuit-based therapies.

More Related Videos

Exploring the Neural Correlates of Cognitive Reappraisal in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Using Task-based Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
09:14

Exploring the Neural Correlates of Cognitive Reappraisal in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Using Task-based Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Published on: March 14, 2025

606
Real-time fMRI Biofeedback Targeting the Orbitofrontal Cortex for Contamination Anxiety
10:51

Real-time fMRI Biofeedback Targeting the Orbitofrontal Cortex for Contamination Anxiety

Published on: January 20, 2012

21.6K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Nov 21, 2025

Signal Attenuation as a Rat Model of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
09:29

Signal Attenuation as a Rat Model of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

Published on: January 9, 2015

15.7K
Exploring the Neural Correlates of Cognitive Reappraisal in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Using Task-based Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
09:14

Exploring the Neural Correlates of Cognitive Reappraisal in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Using Task-based Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Published on: March 14, 2025

606
Real-time fMRI Biofeedback Targeting the Orbitofrontal Cortex for Contamination Anxiety
10:51

Real-time fMRI Biofeedback Targeting the Orbitofrontal Cortex for Contamination Anxiety

Published on: January 20, 2012

21.6K

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Computational Psychiatry
  • Behavioral Economics

Background:

  • Obsessive-compulsive behaviors affect nearly a billion people globally, with incomplete mechanistic understanding and limited therapeutic options.
  • Current theories link these behaviors to maladaptive habit learning and abnormal orbitofrontal-striatal neurophysiology during reward processing.
  • Beta-gamma neurophysiology in reward networks is implicated in obsessive-compulsive behaviors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the causal role of orbitofrontal cortex beta-gamma neurophysiology in reward learning and obsessive-compulsive behaviors.
  • To develop and test a personalized, frequency-specific alternating current stimulation protocol.
  • To assess the therapeutic potential of this neuromodulation technique for reducing obsessive-compulsive behaviors.

Main Methods:

  • Targeted alternating current stimulation of the orbitofrontal cortex, personalized to individual reward network beta-gamma frequencies.
  • Assessment of modulation on reward and punishment-guided choice behavior and learning using an actor-critic architecture.
  • Evaluation of chronic stimulation effects on obsessive-compulsive behaviors in a non-clinical population over three months.

Main Results:

  • Rapid, reversible, and frequency-specific modulation of reward-guided learning, characterized by increased exploration.
  • Chronic stimulation over five days robustly attenuated obsessive-compulsive behaviors for up to three months.
  • Greater therapeutic benefits were observed in individuals with more severe symptoms.

Conclusions:

  • Convergent mechanisms link reward learning modulation and obsessive-compulsive symptom reduction.
  • Beta-gamma rhythms play a unifying functional role in reward processing, learning, and obsessive-compulsive behaviors.
  • This research lays the foundation for personalized, circuit-based neuromodulation therapies for obsessive-compulsive and related disorders.