Recycling of Primary Lithium Batteries Production Residues

Production waste of primary lithium batteries constitutes a considerable secondary lithium feedstock. Although the recycling of lithium batteries is a widely studied field of research, the metallic residues of non-rechargeable lithium battery production are disposed of as waste without further recycling. The risks of handling metallic Li on a large scale typically prevent the metal from being recycled. A way out of this situation is to handle Li in an aqueous solution, from where it can be isolated as Li₂ CO₃ . However, the challenge in hydrometallurgical treatment lies in the high energy release during dissolution and generation of H₂ . To reduce these process-related risks, the Li sheet metal punching residues underwent oxidative thermal treatment from 300 to 400 °C prior to dissolution in water. Converting Li metal to Li₂ O in this initial process step results in an energy release reduction of ∼70 %. The optimal oxidation conditions have been determined by experimental design varying three factors: temperature, Li metal sheet thickness, and residence time. With 96.9±2.6 % almost the entire Li amount is converted to Li₂ O, after 2.5 h treatment at 400 °C for a Li sheet thickness of 1.99 mm. Final precipitation with CO₂ yields 85.5±3.0 % Li₂ CO₃ . Using pure Li sheets, the product Li₂ CO₃ is obtained in battery-grade quality (>99.5 %). Non-precipitated Li is recirculated into the process on the stage of dissolving Li₂ O, thus avoiding loss of material.