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    Area of Science:

    • Computer Science
    • Virtual Reality
    • Distributed Systems

    Background:

    • Distributed virtual environments (DVEs) face challenges balancing consistency and responsiveness due to latency.
    • Existing approaches like transactional databases and force-reflection systems have limitations, particularly with Level 3 (L3) collaboration.
    • Transactional systems don't allow simultaneous manipulation of the same elements, while force-reflection needs specific architectures.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To propose Consensus Based Networking (CBN) as a novel approach to DVEs, viewing them as a distributed data-fusion problem.
    • To develop a system that achieves both high responsiveness and sufficient consistency for complex tasks.
    • To enable seamless integration of heterogeneous nodes and diverse input methods without requiring determinism.

    Main Methods:

    • Simulations run in parallel, exchanging states and integrating remote states with continuous authority.
    • Local differences are averaged over time, creating a distributed average of a consistent, shared state.
    • The system is designed to support heterogeneous nodes and avoid the need for strict determinism.

    Main Results:

    • Demonstrated L3 collaboration in room-scale virtual reality (VR).
    • Successfully managed thousands of interacting objects and complex configurations like stacking.
    • Showcased transparent coupling of haptic devices and varied input methods within a single system.

    Conclusions:

    • CBN offers a unified system for DVEs, overcoming limitations of previous methods.
    • The data-fusion approach enables responsive and consistent environments suitable for demanding applications.
    • CBN supports advanced features like L3 collaboration and heterogeneous hardware integration effectively.