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Related Concept Videos

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure

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The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
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Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
The olfactory...
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Olfaction01:25

Olfaction

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The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
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Nose and Nasal Cavity01:24

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The nose is composed of an observable exterior segment (external nose) and an internal segment within the skull known as the nasal cavity (internal nose). The external nose, visible on the face, consists of a framework of bone and hyaline cartilage enveloped in skin and muscle and lined with a mucous membrane. This structure is supported by the frontal bone, nasal bones, and maxillary bone and is supplemented by a cartilaginous framework comprising the septal nasal cartilage, lateral nasal...
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The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
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Upper respiratory tract disorders, including viral infections and allergic rhinitis, cause significant discomfort and disrupt daily life. Managing these conditions involves a variety of drugs, such as antihistamines, intranasal steroids, decongestants, antitussives, expectorants, and mucolytics. Specific examples of drugs in each category are provided.
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Olfactory function and viral recovery in COVID-19.

Marco Mazzoli1,2, Maria Angela Molinari1, Manuela Tondelli3

  • 1Neurology Unit, OCB Hospital, Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria, Modena, Italy.

Brain and Behavior
|January 19, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Objective smell tests in COVID-19 patients reveal that impaired olfactory function correlates with viral recovery. This finding highlights the potential of smell tests to predict infection and recovery status.

Keywords:
COVID-19SARS-CoV-2anosmiahyposmiasmell

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Area of Science:

  • Otolaryngology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Neurology

Background:

  • Olfactory and taste dysfunction are common symptoms in COVID-19 patients, affecting 30%-80%.
  • Understanding the link between smell impairment and viral shedding is crucial for patient management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To objectively assess olfactory function in hospitalized COVID-19 patients.
  • To determine the correlation between olfactory function and SARS-CoV-2 viral recovery.

Main Methods:

  • Objective olfactory assessment using the Smell Identification subtest of the Sniffin' Sticks Test (SI-SST).
  • Evaluation of the association between viral recovery and SI-SST performance in 51 hospitalized patients.

Main Results:

  • 45% of patients exhibited objective hyposmia or anosmia.
  • Objective olfactory dysfunction, particularly anosmia, was strongly associated with persistent viral recovery.
  • SI-SST scores significantly predicted viral clearance (AUC = 0.883), with a score >10.5 indicating 79% sensitivity and 87% specificity.

Conclusions:

  • Objective olfactory assessment is a valuable tool for evaluating COVID-19 patients.
  • Smell impairment is linked to viral recovery, suggesting its potential as a prognostic marker.
  • Further multicentric studies are recommended to validate the SI-SST for predicting COVID-19 infection and recovery.