Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Fusion of Secretory Vesicles with the Plasma Membrane01:26

Fusion of Secretory Vesicles with the Plasma Membrane

16.2K
Proteins and neurotransmitters in secretory vesicles can be released from a cell upon vesicle docking, priming, and fusion with the plasma membrane. Vesicles are docked and primed in preparation for the quick exocytosis of their contents in response to a stimulus. The fusion process is mainly carried out by a SNAP Receptor or SNARE complex, consisting of synaptobrevin, syntaxin-1, and SNAP-25.
In 1993, Jim Rothman proposed that the antiparallel pairing of vesicular and transmembrane SNAREs, or...
16.2K
Overview of Secretory Vesicles01:33

Overview of Secretory Vesicles

9.1K
Secretory vesicles, also known as dense core vesicles (DCVs), are membrane-bound vesicles that transport secretory proteins, such as hormones or neurotransmitters. Regulated secretory vesicles transport proteins from the trans-Golgi network to the exterior of the cell. Proteins present in regulated secretory vesicles are required to be rapidly exocytosed in large amounts upon a specific stimulus.
Various proteins regulate the aggregation of molecules inside the secretory vesicles. Chromogranins...
9.1K
Chemical Synapses01:26

Chemical Synapses

10.6K
Chemical synapses are specialized sites between two neurons or between a neuron and a non-neuronal cell like a muscle, glandular or sensory cell.
Because chemical synapses depend on the release of neurotransmitter molecules from synaptic vesicles to pass on their signal, there is an approximately one millisecond delay between when the axon potential reaches the presynaptic terminal and when the neurotransmitter leads to opening of postsynaptic ion channels. Additionally, this signaling is...
10.6K
Chemical Synapses01:26

Chemical Synapses

3.8K
Chemical synapses are specialized sites between two neurons or between a neuron and a non-neuronal cell like a muscle, glandular or sensory cell.
Because chemical synapses depend on the release of neurotransmitter molecules from synaptic vesicles to pass on their signal, there is an approximately one millisecond delay between when the axon potential reaches the presynaptic terminal and when the neurotransmitter leads to opening of postsynaptic ion channels. Additionally, this signaling is...
3.8K
Synaptic Signaling01:09

Synaptic Signaling

6.1K
Neurons communicate at synapses, or junctions, to excite or inhibit the activity of other neurons or target cells, such as muscles. Synapses may be chemical or electrical.
Most synapses are chemical, meaning an electrical impulse or action potential spurs the release of chemical messengers called neurotransmitters. The neuron sending the signal is called the presynaptic neuron, and the neuron receiving the signal is the postsynaptic neuron.
The presynaptic neuron fires an action potential that...
6.1K
Synaptic Signaling01:12

Synaptic Signaling

78.1K
Neurons communicate at synapses, or junctions, to excite or inhibit the activity of other neurons or target cells, such as muscles. Synapses may be chemical or electrical.
78.1K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

In utero exposure to NMDA receptor autoantibodies disrupts hippocampal circuit maturation.

Cell reports·2026
Same author

Stabilized Ion Selectivity Corrects Activation Drift in Kalium Channelrhodopsins.

Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)·2025
Same author

Different Time Courses of Mono- and Bi-Liganded Bursts of Channel Openings of Adult nAChR Molecules Formed by the Reactions of Transmembrane Regions.

Cells·2025
Same author

Structural and functional mechanisms of anti-NMDAR autoimmune encephalitis.

Nature structural & molecular biology·2024
Same author

Human NMDAR autoantibodies disrupt excitatory-inhibitory balance, leading to hippocampal network hypersynchrony.

Cell reports·2023
Same author

Nanoscaled RIM clustering at presynaptic active zones revealed by endogenous tagging.

Life science alliance·2023
Same journal

Chronic stress primes TLR3-mediated systemic inflammation to produce persistent post-viral fatigue syndrome-like symptoms in mice.

Neuroscience·2026
Same journal

Contribution of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors to bottom-up amplification of frontal and parietal cortical responses to rare deviant tones in rats.

Neuroscience·2026
Same journal

Developmental switch of GABAergic signaling in starburst amacrine cells driven by chloride transporter dynamics.

Neuroscience·2026
Same journal

Epileptiform discharges are associated with increased theta activity over time in patients with Lewy body dementia.

Neuroscience·2026
Same journal

Response times from gap detection threshold testing relate to cognitive processing speed in young adults.

Neuroscience·2026
Same journal

The timing of visual selective attention in fronto-parietal network: TMS behavioral and brain structural evidence.

Neuroscience·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 20, 2025

Examination of Synaptic Vesicle Recycling Using FM Dyes During Evoked, Spontaneous, and Miniature Synaptic Activities
08:10

Examination of Synaptic Vesicle Recycling Using FM Dyes During Evoked, Spontaneous, and Miniature Synaptic Activities

Published on: March 31, 2014

21.4K

Distinguishing between Synaptic Vesicles in Different Functional States.

Martin Pauli1, Manfred Heckmann1

  • 1Institute for Physiology, Department of Neurophysiology, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, D-97070 Würzburg, Germany.

Neuroscience
|January 19, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) effectively differentiates synaptic vesicles in various functional states. This advanced analytical tool offers new insights into synaptic vesicle dynamics and function.

Keywords:
active zonesquantal analysistransmitter release

More Related Videos

Measuring Synaptic Vesicle Endocytosis in Cultured Hippocampal Neurons
07:30

Measuring Synaptic Vesicle Endocytosis in Cultured Hippocampal Neurons

Published on: September 4, 2017

10.2K
Live Imaging of Synaptic Vesicle Recycling in the Neuromuscular Junction of Dissected Larval Zebrafish
07:22

Live Imaging of Synaptic Vesicle Recycling in the Neuromuscular Junction of Dissected Larval Zebrafish

Published on: February 7, 2025

849

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Nov 20, 2025

Examination of Synaptic Vesicle Recycling Using FM Dyes During Evoked, Spontaneous, and Miniature Synaptic Activities
08:10

Examination of Synaptic Vesicle Recycling Using FM Dyes During Evoked, Spontaneous, and Miniature Synaptic Activities

Published on: March 31, 2014

21.4K
Measuring Synaptic Vesicle Endocytosis in Cultured Hippocampal Neurons
07:30

Measuring Synaptic Vesicle Endocytosis in Cultured Hippocampal Neurons

Published on: September 4, 2017

10.2K
Live Imaging of Synaptic Vesicle Recycling in the Neuromuscular Junction of Dissected Larval Zebrafish
07:22

Live Imaging of Synaptic Vesicle Recycling in the Neuromuscular Junction of Dissected Larval Zebrafish

Published on: February 7, 2025

849

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Computational Biology
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • Synaptic vesicles are crucial for neurotransmission, and understanding their functional states is key to deciphering neural communication.
  • Current methods for distinguishing vesicle states are limited, necessitating novel analytical approaches.
  • Non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) is a powerful dimensionality reduction technique with potential applications in biological data analysis.

Discussion:

  • This editorial explores the application of Non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) as a computational tool for analyzing synaptic vesicle populations.
  • NMF's ability to decompose complex data into interpretable components makes it suitable for identifying distinct functional states of synaptic vesicles.
  • The editorial highlights how NMF can uncover subtle differences in vesicle behavior that may not be apparent with traditional methods.

Key Insights:

  • Non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) provides a robust framework for classifying synaptic vesicles based on their functional characteristics.
  • The technique can reveal heterogeneity within synaptic vesicle populations, correlating with different stages of release and recycling.
  • NMF offers a data-driven approach to understanding the dynamic nature of synaptic vesicle pools.

Outlook:

  • Future research can leverage Non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) to investigate synaptic vesicle dynamics in various neurological conditions.
  • This approach may pave the way for developing targeted therapeutic strategies by understanding specific vesicle dysfunctions.
  • Further validation and application of NMF in diverse experimental setups will solidify its role in synaptic research.