Selection and verification of the combination of reference genes for RT-qPCR analysis in rat adrenal gland...

Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) is commonly used for gene expression analysis, and the accuracy of its results depends greatly on chosen reference genes. Adrenal gland is the core of the occurrence and development of fetal-originated adult diseases. Its dysplasia or dysfunction may increase susceptibility to adult disease, which has apparent sex differences. To explore the optimal combination of reference genes for RT-qPCR in female and male rats adrenal development, we selected seven reference genes (GAPDH, β-actin, etc.), and use RT-qPCR to detect genes expression during different stages of rats adrenal development under physiological conditions. Then we analysed data using GeNorm, NormFinder and BestKeeper to select the optimal combination of reference genes. Further, we used the intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) model of rat caused by prenatal caffeine exposure (PCE) to verify the stability and accuracy of the selected combination of reference genes under physiological conditions. The results showed that TBP + β-actin could be the optimal combination of reference genes for fetal rat adrenals under physiological conditions, without obvious sex differences. In infancy and adolescence, the optimal combination of reference genes for adrenals had sex differences, and females were GAPDH + β-actin, while males were GAPDH + SDHA. In PCE model, the optimal combination of reference genes was consistent with physiological conditions. Using combination of reference genes to analyze target genes can improve the accuracy of the results. In summary, this study provided reliable combination of reference genes for RT-qPCR and experimental supports for researches on adrenal development.