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Updated: Nov 20, 2025

Engineering 3D Cellularized Collagen Gels for Vascular Tissue Regeneration
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Liquid Crystalline Ordered Collagen Substrates for Applications in Tissue Engineering.

Joshua C Price1, Paul Roach1, Alicia J El Haj1

  • 1ISTM Guy Hilton Research Centre, Keele University, Thornburrow Drive, Stoke on Trent ST4 7QB, United Kingdom.

ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering
|January 20, 2021
PubMed
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Researchers developed cost-effective methods to create aligned collagen substrates using liquid crystal properties. These anisotropic materials support cell growth and show promise for tissue engineering applications.

Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Tissue Engineering
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Collagen is a key structural protein in native tissues, exhibiting complex hierarchical structures.
  • Fabricating anisotropic collagen substrates with controlled molecular orientation remains a challenge.
  • Understanding collagen's liquid crystalline behavior is crucial for biomaterial design.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop rapid, cost-effective methods for fabricating anisotropic collagen substrates.
  • To investigate the influence of fabrication techniques on collagen molecular orientation and substrate structure.
  • To evaluate the suitability of these substrates for supporting human mesenchymal stem cell (hMSC) behavior.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing collagen's cholesteric liquid crystal properties for substrate fabrication.
Keywords:
anisotropiccollagenhMSCliquid crystalself-assemblytissue engineering

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  • Employing dialysis, ammonia vapor polymerization, viscous extrusion, and evaporation-induced crystallization.
  • Characterizing substrate anisotropy and molecular orientation using polarized light microscopy and Raman spectroscopy.
  • Assessing hMSC osteogenic differentiation and oriented growth on the fabricated substrates.

    • Main Results:

    • Successfully produced dense collagen films with anisotropic fibers via dialysis and ammonia vapor polymerization.
    • Generated aligned collagen fibers using shear-driven alignment through viscous extrusion.
    • Demonstrated templating of the substrate by crystalline growth via an evaporation technique.
    • Observed supported osteogenic differentiation and oriented growth of hMSCs on the ordered substrates.
    • Confirmed that local protein concentration influences collagen molecular orientation via Raman spectroscopy.
    • Found remarkable similarities between fabricated substrate textures and native cornea and tendon structures.

    Conclusions:

    • Rapid and cost-effective methods for fabricating anisotropic collagen substrates with controlled molecular order have been established.
    • These substrates mimic native tissue structures and effectively support hMSC osteogenic differentiation and oriented growth.
    • The developed techniques offer significant potential for diverse applications in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.