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Related Concept Videos

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

2.6K
The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the...
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Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:03

Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview

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Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
Many natural and synthetic polymers are produced by...
4.1K
Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:04

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

2.3K
The mechanism for anionic chain-growth polymerization involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. In the initiation step, a nucleophilic anion, such as butyl lithium, initiates the polymerization process by attacking the π bond of the vinylic monomer. As a result, a carbanion, stabilized by the electron‐withdrawing group, is generated. The resulting carbanion acts as a Michael donor in the propagation step and attacks the second vinylic monomer, which acts as a Michael...
2.3K
Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:09

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

3.1K
The radical chain-growth polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination of polymerization. The polymerization initiates when a free radical generated from the radical initiator adds to the unsaturated bond in the monomer. The unpaired electron of the free radical and one π electron in the unsaturated bond creates a σ bond between the free radical and the monomer. As a result, the other π electron in the unsaturated bond converts this species into...
3.1K
Ziegler–Natta Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:17

Ziegler–Natta Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

3.7K
Ziegler–Natta polymerization is another form of addition or chain‐growth polymerization used for synthesizing linear polymers over branched polymers. The catalyst used for polymerization is the Ziegler–Natta catalyst, named after Karl Ziegler and Giulio Natta, who developed it in 1953. This catalyst is an organometallic complex of titanium tetrachloride and triethyl aluminum, with the active form of the catalyst being an alkyl titanium compound. Using the Ziegler–Natta...
3.7K
Molecular Weight of Step-Growth Polymers01:08

Molecular Weight of Step-Growth Polymers

2.6K
Step growth polymerization involves bi or multifunctional monomers. Bifunctional monomers react to form linear step growth polymers, whereas multifunctional monomers react to form non-linear or branched polymers.
As the step-growth polymerization involves step-wise condensation of monomers, the molecular weight also builds up eventually. Consequently, high molecular weight polymers are obtained at the late stages of the polymerization, where 99% of monomers have been consumed.
The extent of the...
2.6K

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Updated: Nov 20, 2025

Synthesis of Cyclic Polymers and Characterization of Their Diffusive Motion in the Melt State at the Single Molecule Level
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Synthesis of Cyclic Polymers and Characterization of Their Diffusive Motion in the Melt State at the Single Molecule Level

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Long-Range Surface-Directed Polymerization-Induced Phase Separation: A Computational Study.

Shima Ghaffari1, Philip K Chan1, Mehrab Mehrvar1

  • 1Department of Chemical Engineering, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada.

Polymers
|January 20, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Long-range surface-directed spinodal decomposition (SDSD) in polymerizing mixtures creates distinct surface enrichment layers. The wetting layer thickness depends on time and surface potential, while diffusion affects bulk droplet size.

Keywords:
long-range surface potentialpolymerization-induced phase separationsurface-directed spinodal decompositionwetting layer

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Area of Science:

  • Polymer Science
  • Materials Science
  • Physical Chemistry

Background:

  • Surface-directed spinodal decomposition (SDSD) describes how surfaces influence polymer mixture phase separation.
  • Long-range van der Waals forces play a crucial role in this surface-directed phenomenon.
  • Previous studies established SDSD morphology as surface enrichment layers and bulk droplet structures.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To theoretically simulate and investigate long-range surface-directed polymerization-induced phase separation.
  • To understand the phase separation dynamics of a monomer-solvent mixture undergoing self-condensation polymerization under surface influence.
  • To analyze the effects of surface potential, diffusion coefficients, and temperature gradients on morphology.

Main Methods:

  • Theoretical simulation of polymerization-induced phase separation.
  • Application of nonlinear Cahn-Hilliard and Flory-Huggins free energy theories.
  • Analysis of long-range surface potential, diffusion coefficients, and temperature gradients.

Main Results:

  • Long-range surface potential induced a wetting layer, with thickness proportional to time (t*^1/5) and surface potential (h1^1/5).
  • Increased diffusion coefficients resulted in smaller bulk droplets and thinner depletion layers, but did not alter the enrichment layer thickness.
  • Temperature gradients created stripe morphology (parallel to potential) or large particles (antiparallel to potential).

Conclusions:

  • The study successfully simulated long-range SDSD in a polymerizing system, confirming the formation of wetting layers.
  • Morphology is tunable via surface potential, diffusion, and temperature gradients, offering control over material structure.
  • Findings provide theoretical insights into designing materials with specific surface and bulk morphologies.