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Related Concept Videos

Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response01:27

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Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
Immunological surveillance is the ability of immune cells to monitor and eliminate infected cells with intracellular pathogens, neoplastically transformed cells, and cells with non-self antigens. Cytotoxic T cells and NK...
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T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
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Cell-mediated Immune Responses01:40

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Updated: Nov 20, 2025

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Rethinking immune checkpoint blockade: 'Beyond the T cell'.

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  • 1Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA.

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|January 20, 2021
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Summary

Immune checkpoint inhibitors, like anti-PD-1, may work by activating the innate immune system, not just T cells. Understanding this innate immune response is key to improving cancer therapies.

Keywords:
CTLA-4 Antigenimmunityimmunotherapyinnateprogrammed cell death 1 receptortumor microenvironment

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Oncology
  • Cancer Research

Background:

  • Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are standard cancer treatments that reinvigorate anti-cancer immunity.
  • Current research often focuses on T cell-mediated effects of ICIs.
  • The role of the innate immune system in ICI efficacy is increasingly recognized.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the emerging evidence for the innate immune system's role in the efficacy of checkpoint inhibitors.
  • To explore the direct and indirect mechanisms by which T cell-targeted ICIs impact innate immunity.
  • To highlight the potential of targeting innate immunity for overcoming resistance to current immunotherapies.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of preclinical and clinical studies on immune checkpoint inhibitors.
  • Analysis of research investigating the interaction between ICIs and innate immune cells.
  • Synthesis of data on the beneficial and detrimental effects of ICIs on innate anti-tumor immunity.

Main Results:

  • Evidence suggests that checkpoint therapies, such as anti-PD-1/PD-L1, significantly impact innate immune cells.
  • Both direct and indirect pathways mediate the effects of ICIs on innate immunity.
  • The precise mechanisms and clinical impact of these innate immune interactions require further elucidation.

Conclusions:

  • The innate immune system plays a crucial role in the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors.
  • Further research into innate immune subsets during checkpoint blockade is essential for developing novel combination therapies.
  • Harnessing innate antitumor immunity offers a promising avenue for innovative immunotherapies against refractory cancers.