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Animal Mitochondrial Genetics02:59

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The ability of a drug to produce structural deformations and functional abnormalities in the developing embryo or the fetus is called teratogenicity, and the drug producing this effect is known as a teratogen. Teratogenic effects include stillbirth, miscarriage, intrauterine growth restriction, and neurocognitive delay. A teratogen may affect the embryo at different stages of development, which is important in determining the type and extent of the damage. During blastocyst formation, the early...
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Cell division is necessary for growth and reproduction in organisms. Mitosis aids cell growth and development by dividing somatic cells. In contrast, meiosis causes the division of germ cells and plays an essential role in sexual reproduction. Due to their unique functional requirements, mitosis and meiosis differ from each other in multiple aspects.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 20, 2025

Human Blastocyst Biopsy and Vitrification
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Suboptimal trophectoderm mitochondrial DNA level is associated with delayed blastocyst development.

Frank Shao-Ying Wu1,2, Shao-Ping Weng1, Meng-Shun Shen1

  • 1IHMED Fertility Center, Taipei City, Taiwan.

Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics
|January 20, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Day 5 blastocysts have higher mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) quantity than Day 6 blastocysts, suggesting mtDNA levels impact blastocyst development rates and clinical pregnancy outcomes in IVF.

Keywords:
Blastulation rateDay 5 blastocystsDay 6 blastocystsIVFMitochondria DNA quantity

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Area of Science:

  • Reproductive biology
  • Embryology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Blastocyst development is crucial for in vitro fertilization (IVF) success.
  • Delayed blastocyst development (Day 6 vs. Day 5) is associated with lower euploidy and pregnancy rates.
  • Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) quantity is a potential biomarker for embryo quality and developmental potential.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) quantity in Day 5 (D5) and Day 6 (D6) blastocysts.
  • To investigate the relationship between mtDNA quantity and blastocyst development rate.
  • To explore the origin of delayed blastocyst development.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective cohort analysis of 829 D5 and 472 D6 blastocysts from 460 IVF patients.
  • Utilized next-generation sequencing (NGS) data for preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy (PGT-A).
  • Extrapolated trophectoderm mtDNA quantity and analyzed mean mtDNA levels based on ploidy and transfer outcomes.

Main Results:

  • D5 blastocysts showed significantly higher euploidy and clinical pregnancy rates than D6 blastocysts.
  • Mean mtDNA levels were significantly higher in D5 blastocysts compared to D6 blastocysts, irrespective of ploidy or transfer outcome.
  • Trophectoderm mtDNA quantity was independent of maternal age and blastocyst morphology grades.

Conclusions:

  • D5 blastocysts possess greater mtDNA quantity than D6 blastocysts, indicating mtDNA quantity is a key factor in blastocyst development rate.
  • mtDNA quantity may serve as a biomarker for embryo selection in IVF.
  • Arbitrary thresholds for mtDNA quantity in embryo selection should be avoided without considering blastulation rate.