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Related Concept Videos

Obesity01:24

Obesity

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The Body Mass Index (BMI) is a numerical value derived from a person's weight and height, used to categorize individuals into weight ranges. It is calculated using the formula: weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared. Obesity is a health condition characterized by excessive accumulation of adipose tissue that poses health risks, often diagnosed with a BMI ≥ 30. This excess fat storage occurs when surplus dietary calories are converted into triglycerides and stored in...
930
Pharmacokinetics in Obese Patients: Drug Absorption and Distribution01:25

Pharmacokinetics in Obese Patients: Drug Absorption and Distribution

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Obesity significantly alters the pharmacokinetic processes of drug absorption and distribution, presenting unique challenges in medical treatment. The increased fat tissue and decreased lean muscle in obese individuals can significantly affect how drugs are absorbed into the body and distributed across different tissues. This alteration can lead to variances in the effectiveness and safety of medications, necessitating adjustments in dosing or drug selection for obese patients.One notable...
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Drug Dosing: Obese Patients01:21

Drug Dosing: Obese Patients

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In the United States, obesity is a prominent concern. It is linked to heightened mortality rates due to increased occurrences of conditions such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease, and diabetes compared to nonobese individuals. A patient is classified as obese if their actual body weight surpasses the ideal or desirable body weight by 20%, based on Metropolitan Life Insurance Company data. Ideal body weights consider average weights and heights for males and females...
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Pharmacokinetics in Obese Patients: Drug Metabolism and Excretion01:20

Pharmacokinetics in Obese Patients: Drug Metabolism and Excretion

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Drug metabolism, a critical process in the liver, involves two primary phases: Phase I reactions and Phase II conjugation. Obesity introduces significant alterations in this metabolic process, primarily due to fatty infiltration of the liver, leading to conditions such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). This condition can modify the activities of both Phase I and II enzymes, impacting how drugs are metabolized in obese patients.Phase I metabolism sees variable effects across...
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Overview of Carbohydrate Metabolism01:19

Overview of Carbohydrate Metabolism

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Carbohydrate metabolism is a fundamental biochemical process that ensures a constant supply of energy to living cells. The most important carbohydrate is glucose, which can be broken down via glycolysis to enter into the Krebs cycle and eventually lead to the production of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.
Glucose transport into cells is facilitated by a family of transport proteins called GLUT (Glucose Transporters). GLUT4 is the primary glucose transporter for insulin-stimulated glucose...
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Stress Prevention and Stress Management Techniques IV01:26

Stress Prevention and Stress Management Techniques IV

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Stress often leads to unhealthy habits like smoking, excessive drinking, and overeating, which offer short-term relief but ultimately increase long-term health risks. These behaviors create a cycle that temporarily lowers stress levels but can result in severe long-term health consequences. Breaking these habits is essential to reduce the risk of chronic diseases and improve overall well-being. Three primary changes that support better health include quitting smoking, reducing alcohol intake,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 20, 2025

Assessment of Child Anthropometry in a Large Epidemiologic Study
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Covid-19 & Obesity: Beyond Bmi.

Karl Z Nadolsky1, Daniel L Hurley2, W Timothy Garvey3

  • 1From the Department of Diabetes & Endocrinology, Assistant Professor of Medicine, Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, Grand Rapids, Michigan.

Endocrine Practice : Official Journal of the American College of Endocrinology and the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists
|January 20, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Obesity increases COVID-19 severity, particularly when linked to insulin resistance. Stratifying adiposity-related complications can predict adverse outcomes in patients with COVID-19.

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Area of Science:

  • Internal Medicine
  • Endocrinology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • The COVID-19 pandemic has caused significant global health issues, with patient characteristics influencing disease severity.
  • Obesity, defined as adiposity-based chronic disease, is a recognized risk factor for severe COVID-19 outcomes.
  • Further risk stratification in obese patients is crucial for effective mitigation and treatment strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of insulin resistance in predicting severe COVID-19 outcomes among individuals with obesity.
  • To explore how adiposity-related complications influence COVID-19 severity, independent of body mass index.
  • To propose a complication-centric staging approach for assessing COVID-19 risk in obese populations.

Main Methods:

  • The study hypothesizes insulin resistance as a key pathophysiological factor.
  • It examines the association between obesity, insulin resistance, and COVID-19 severity.
  • A complication-centric staging method is proposed, considering conditions like hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Main Results:

  • Insulin resistance is suspected to be a primary driver of poor COVID-19 outcomes in obese individuals, irrespective of BMI.
  • Conditions such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease are linked to adverse outcomes due to underlying insulin resistance.
  • The proposed staging method aims to pragmatically assess adiposity-related risks in COVID-19 patients.

Conclusions:

  • Insulin resistance is a critical factor in understanding severe COVID-19 in patients with obesity.
  • A complication-centric approach to staging adiposity-related disease can enhance risk prediction for COVID-19.
  • This strategy offers actionable insights for managing and potentially treating obese patients during the pandemic.