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The rapid dissolution of dioecy by experimental evolution.

Guillaume G Cossard1, Jörn F Gerchen1, Xinji Li1

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Flowering plants can rapidly evolve from separate sexes back to hermaphroditism. Experimental evolution in Mercurialis annua showed females evolved male traits, enabling self-fertilization and the dissolution of dioecy.

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Area of Science:

  • Plant evolutionary biology
  • Reproductive strategies
  • Experimental evolution

Background:

  • Dioecy (separate sexes) is common in plants, but reversions to hermaphroditism occur.
  • The scattered distribution of dioecy suggests frequent evolutionary transitions in both directions.
  • Leaky sex expression (producing flowers of the opposite sex) is observed in dioecious plants.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To experimentally investigate a mechanism for the reversion from dioecy to hermaphroditism.
  • To validate an explanation for the phylogenetic distribution of dioecy.
  • To understand how natural selection drives transitions in plant mating systems.

Main Methods:

  • Experimental evolution using dioecious populations of Mercurialis annua.
  • Removal of males to allow selection on females with leaky sex expression.
  • Monitoring changes in male flower production, self-fertilization, and reproductive capacity over four generations.

Main Results:

  • Females evolved a 23-fold increase in male flower production.
  • Phenotypic masculinization coincided with the evolution of partial self-fertilization.
  • Evolved females maintained high seed set without males and could sire progeny upon male reintroduction.

Conclusions:

  • Natural selection can rapidly drive the dissolution of dioecy and the evolution of hermaphroditism.
  • This mechanism is relevant during population bottlenecks, colonization, or range expansions.
  • Experimental evolution demonstrates the plasticity of plant mating systems and evolutionary transitions.