Variation in the human lymphocyte sister-chromatid exchange frequency: results of a long-term longitudinal study

The variation in lymphocyte sister-chromatid exchange (SCE) frequency as a function of time was investigated in nonsmokers and smokers. The smokers were divided into 3 groups depending on their smoking status. The group termed 'smokers' participated in a program to stop smoking but did not reduce or eliminate their use of tobacco; 'smoke enders' successfully completed the smokending program and remained free of tobacco for the duration of the study, while the 'variable' group stopped smoking for a limited time but then resumed smoking. 8 or more blood samples per person were obtained over a period of at least 12 months. The SCE frequencies for each of these groups were compared with each other and with those of two previous longitudinal study groups from our laboratory. The proportion of high-frequency cells (HFCs) was also determined for each sample. The results confirm our previous finding that SCE frequencies and the proportion of HFCs observed in separate samples from the same individual are more likely to be different as the time between samples increases. We also show that smokers have significantly more SCEs and HFCs than do nonsmokers, that SCE frequencies in smokers do not decline for at least 12 months when smoking is stopped, and that among smokers, significant seasonal variation in the SCE frequency occurs. These results provide useful information concerning the effects of smoking upon SCE frequencies, and will be helpful in designing and interpreting the results of long-term human population cytogenetic studies.