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Model systems for studying extrahepatic pathogenesis of hepatitis E virus. Current knowledge and future directions
Mohamed A El-Mokhtar1,2, Ibrahim M Sayed1,3
1Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt.
Reviews in Medical Virology
|January 21, 2021
Summary
Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) causes widespread acute viral hepatitis, leading to significant extrahepatic disorders. This review explores HEV
Area of Science:
- Hepatology and Virology
- Infectious Diseases
- Immunology
Background:
- Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) is a primary global cause of acute viral hepatitis, prevalent in developing nations and increasingly recognized in developed countries.
- HEV infection can manifest acutely or chronically, extending beyond the liver to cause significant extrahepatic manifestations.
- These extrahepatic manifestations encompass neurological, renal, hematological disorders, acute pancreatitis, and pregnancy complications.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review and highlight the spectrum of extrahepatic disorders associated with Hepatitis E Virus infection.
- To examine the pathogenesis of HEV infection in extrahepatic tissues, considering direct viral effects and host immune responses.
- To discuss the utility of in vivo and in vitro models in understanding HEV's extrapulmonary spread and tissue damage mechanisms.
Main Methods:
- Literature review focusing on extrahepatic manifestations of HEV infection.
- Analysis of research utilizing in vivo and in vitro models to study HEV pathogenesis beyond the liver.
- Examination of studies investigating the immunological mechanisms and direct cytopathic effects of HEV in extrahepatic tissues.
Main Results:
- HEV infection is linked to a diverse range of extrahepatic conditions, including neurological and renal complications.
- Pathogenesis in extrahepatic tissues involves either direct viral cytopathic effects or dysregulated host immune responses.
- In vivo and in vitro models are crucial tools for dissecting the mechanisms of HEV-induced damage in non-hepatic tissues.
Conclusions:
- HEV infection poses a significant threat due to its potential to cause severe extrahepatic disorders.
- Understanding HEV pathogenesis beyond the liver is critical for managing associated complications.
- Continued research using experimental models is essential for elucidating HEV's complex interactions with host tissues.
