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Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Characterization of Electrode Materials for Lithium Ion and Sodium Ion Batteries Using Synchrotron Radiation Techniques
Published on: November 11, 2013
Could Irradiation Introduce Oxidized Oxygen Signals in Resonant Inelastic X-ray Scattering of Battery Electrodes?
Qingtian Li1,2,3, Zachary W Lebens-Higgins, Yixuan Li
1State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China.
Abstract:
The characterization of oxidized oxygen states through high-efficiency mapping of resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (mRIXS) has become a crucial approach for studying the oxygen redox activities in high-energy battery cathodes. However, this approach has been recently challenged due to the concern of irradiation damage. Here we revisited a typical Li-rich electrode, Li1.144Ni0.136Mn0.544Co0.136O2, in both lithiated and delithiated states and evaluated the X-ray irradiation effect in the lengthy mRIXS experiments. Our results show that irradiation cannot introduce any oxidized oxygen feature, and the features of oxidized oxygen are weakened with a high X-ray dose. The results confirm again that mRIXS detects the intrinsic oxidized oxygen state in battery electrodes. However, the distinct irradiation effects in different systems imply that irradiation could selectively target the least stable elemental or chemical states, which should be analyzed with caution in the study of active chemical states.
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