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Related Concept Videos

Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
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Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
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Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States. A cancer cell is genetically unstable and hence can mutate faster. They can also modify their microenvironment and escape immune surveillance. The difficulties in treating cancer are further compounded by the emergence of rapid resistance to anticancer drugs. The most common ways to attain resistance in cancer cells include alteration in drug transport and metabolism, modification of drug target, elevated DNA damage response, or...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 20, 2025

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Radiotherapy-exposed CD8+ and CD4+ neoantigens enhance tumor control.

Claire Lhuillier1, Nils-Petter Rudqvist1, Takahiro Yamazaki1

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The Journal of Clinical Investigation
|January 21, 2021
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Radiotherapy enhances cancer vaccines by increasing neoantigen presentation. Neoantigen vaccination combined with radiotherapy boosts T cell responses and improves tumor control in preclinical models.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cancer Biology
  • Radiotherapy

Background:

  • Neoantigens are crucial for T cell recognition of cancer, but their presentation and therapeutic efficacy are often limited.
  • Existing neoantigen vaccination strategies show suboptimal antitumor activity due to incompletely understood mechanisms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the synergistic effects of radiotherapy and neoantigen vaccination in a triple-negative breast cancer model.
  • To elucidate the mechanisms by which neoantigen vaccination enhances radiotherapy's therapeutic efficacy.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a poorly immunogenic mouse model of triple-negative breast cancer.
  • Administered radiotherapy and vaccinated with neoepitopes derived from upregulated immunogenic mutation genes.
  • Assessed T cell responses (CD8+ and CD4+), tumor growth, and therapeutic efficacy.

Main Results:

  • Radiotherapy upregulated genes with immunogenic mutations, enhancing neoantigen presentation.
  • Neoepitope vaccination elicited CD8+ and CD4+ T cell responses, which improved radiotherapy efficacy.
  • Neoantigen-specific CD8+ T cells killed irradiated tumor cells; CD4+ T cells promoted tumor killing and epitope spread via Th1 cytokines.

Conclusions:

  • Radiotherapy and neoantigen vaccination act synergistically to improve tumor control.
  • Radiotherapy enhances the immunogenicity of cancer by upregulating MHC class II and death receptors on tumor cells, sensitizing them to neoantigen-specific T cells.