[Risk factors for carbohydrate metabolism disorders from a chronobiological position]

Area of Science:

• Chronobiology
• Metabolic Disorders
• Obesity Research

Background:

• Increasing prevalence of carbohydrate metabolism disorders linked to overweight and obesity.
• Obesity is associated with sedentary lifestyles, poor diet, and sleep disturbances, potentially disrupting circadian rhythms and melatonin production.

Purpose of the Study:

• To identify key chronobiological risk factors for carbohydrate metabolism disorders in obese patients.

Main Methods:

• Retrospective study of 120 obese patients (BMI 31.35±3.80 kg/m2) with or without early carbohydrate metabolism disorders (EDCM) or type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).
• Analysis of 24-hour food diaries, Horne-Ostberg questionnaires, and measurement of fasting glucose, glycated hemoglobin, leptin, insulin, HOMA-IR, anthropometric indicators, and basal body temperature (BT).
• Evaluation of sleep duration, bedtime, and exposure to artificial lighting.

Main Results:

• Patients exhibited irrational calorie distribution, frequent meals, and late eating patterns.
• Leptin and insulin resistance were present in all groups; leptin and insulin deficiency noted in T2DM patients.
• Short sleep duration, late bedtime, and evening artificial light exposure correlated with circadian mismatch and insulin resistance. Decreased BT circadian rhythm amplitude was linked to energy and fat intake, and positively correlated with protein intake, suggesting melatonin involvement.

Conclusions:

• Significant risk factors for carbohydrate metabolism disorders include irrational food energy distribution, frequent meals, late eating, short sleep duration, late bedtime, and evening artificial light exposure.
• These factors contribute to circadian dysfunction and may involve melatonin in the progression of metabolic disorders.