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Healthcare Associated Infections II: Preventive Measures01:22

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Essential infection prevention measures are based on the knowledge of the infection chain, the modes of transmission in healthcare settings, and the use of the best practices in all healthcare settings. Compulsory public reporting of healthcare-associated infection rates is needed to allow individuals and the community to make informed choices regarding selecting a healthcare facility.
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Effective preventive measures for coronary artery disease (CAD) focus on controlling modifiable risk factors, including cholesterol abnormalities and lifestyle changes.Cholesterol ManagementFirst, the Mediterranean diet and the American Heart Association advocate for maintaining low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels below 100 mg/dL, with a more stringent recommendation of below 70 mg/dL for individuals at high risk. LDL cholesterol, often termed "bad cholesterol," can lead to the...
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Antimicrobial Effectiveness01:28

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The effectiveness of antimicrobial agents depends on various factors influencing their ability to eliminate microbial populations. Larger microbial populations require more time for complete eradication, emphasizing the importance of population size analysis when evaluating antimicrobial efficacy.Microbial resistance to antimicrobial agents varies significantly. Highly resilient microorganisms include endospores, gram-negative bacteria, and non-enveloped viruses, while prions are exceptionally...
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Epidemiological study designs are fundamental tools for investigating the distribution, determinants, and control of health conditions in populations. They help researchers understand the relationships between exposures and outcomes, and they broadly fall into two categories: "observational" and "experimental" studies.
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Transmission-based precautions are for patients known to be infected or suspected to be infected or colonized with organisms that pose a significant risk to others. Some transmission-based precautions include contact, enteric, and droplet.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 20, 2025

Author Spotlight: Evaluating the Adjuvant Efficacy and Safety of Angong Niuhuang Pill in Viral Encephalitis Treatment
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Prophylaxis for COVID-19: a systematic review.

Mikaela Smit1, Annalisa Marinosci2, Thomas Agoritsas3

  • 1HIV/AIDS Unit, Department of Infectious Diseases, Geneva, Switzerland; Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.

Clinical Microbiology and Infection : the Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases
|January 21, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) showed no prophylactic effect for COVID-19 in completed studies. Ongoing trials are evaluating other candidates, but evidence for effective COVID-19 prophylaxis remains limited.

Keywords:
COVID-19ProphylaxisRandomized control trialsSARS-CoV-2Systematic review

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Area of Science:

  • Infectious Diseases
  • Pharmacology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Systematic reviews have extensively covered COVID-19 vaccines and treatments.
  • Prophylactic agents for COVID-19 prevention remain largely unexplored.
  • This study addresses the gap in knowledge regarding prophylactic candidates.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically map pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) candidates for COVID-19.
  • To synthesize evidence from completed and ongoing studies on COVID-19 prophylaxis.

Main Methods:

  • A systematic review and qualitative synthesis of studies on COVID-19 PrEP and PEP.
  • Searches included PubMed/Medline, Embase, clinical trial registries, and medRxiv.
  • Inclusion criteria covered human and animal studies, and randomized controlled trials (RCTs) reporting primary data.

Main Results:

  • 13 non-RCT studies and 117 RCTs met the inclusion criteria.
  • Completed RCTs and cross-sectional studies found no prophylactic effect for hydroxychloroquine (HCQ).
  • Ongoing RCTs are evaluating HCQ, other existing drugs, vaccines, and supplements.

Conclusions:

  • Completed studies indicate that HCQ is ineffective for COVID-19 prophylaxis.
  • Limited evidence exists for other prophylactic compounds; most relevant RCTs are still ongoing.
  • Further research is needed to identify effective COVID-19 prophylaxis or develop new candidates.