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Updated: Nov 20, 2025

Chronic, Acute, and Reactivated HIV Infection in Humanized Immunodeficient Mouse Models
Published on: December 3, 2019
Systemic Inflammation Associated with Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome in Persons Living with HIV
Caian L Vinhaes1,2,3, Mariana Araujo-Pereira1,2,4, Rafael Tibúrcio1,2,4
1Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador 40296-710, Brazil.
Abstract:
Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has represented a major advancement in the care of people living with HIV (PLWHH), resulting in significant reductions in morbidity and mortality through immune reconstitution and attenuation of homeostatic disruption. Importantly, restoration of immune function in PLWH with opportunistic infections occasionally leads to an intense and uncontrolled cytokine storm following ART initiation known as immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS). IRIS occurrence is associated with the severe and rapid clinical deterioration that results in significant morbidity and mortality. Here, we detail the determinants underlying IRIS development in PLWH, compiling the available knowledge in the field to highlight details of the inflammatory responses in IRIS associated with the most commonly reported opportunistic pathogens. This review also highlights gaps in the understanding of IRIS pathogenesis and summarizes therapeutic strategies that have been used for IRIS.
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