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Related Concept Videos

Arteries of the Upper Limbs01:12

Arteries of the Upper Limbs

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The subclavian artery transitions into the axillary artery as it exits the chest and enters the axillary region. This artery is critical for supplying blood to the shoulder area, including the head of the humerus, through the humeral circumflex arteries. As the vessel continues into the upper arm or brachium, it becomes the brachial artery. This artery plays a key role in vascularizing the brachial region and bifurcates at the elbow into several branches. These branches include the deep...
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Veins of Upper Limbs01:17

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The human circulatory system, a marvel of biological engineering, is a complex network of vessels that transport blood throughout the body. Among these, the veins responsible for carrying blood from the upper limbs are divided into two categories: deep and superficial.
The deep venous system is primarily composed of the ulnar and radial veins. The ulnar vein, which drains the fingers through the superficial palmar venous arches, and the radial vein, which serves the palms via the deep palmar...
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Arteries of Lower Limbs01:20

Arteries of Lower Limbs

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The external iliac artery transitions out of the body cavity, entering the femoral region of the lower leg, and is renamed the femoral artery at the point where it traverses the body wall. This artery is responsible for the distribution of blood to the thigh's deep muscles and the skin's ventral and lateral regions, achieved through several minor branches and the lateral deep femoral artery, which also spawns a lateral circumflex artery. The knee area receives blood from the genicular...
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Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Intravenous Regional Anesthesia01:16

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Intravenous regional anesthesia or the Bier block technique is used to anesthetize a specific limb or extremity. It uses exsanguinated or blood-drained vessels to transport local anesthetics or LAs to the peripheral nerve trunks. Lidocaine without vasoconstrictors like epinephrine is most commonly used for this technique. Other drugs used are prilocaine, ropivacaine, and chloroprocaine. Bupivacaine is not recommended for this technique due to its high cardiac toxicity.
One of the advantages of...
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Peripheral Artery Disease III: Interprofessional Care01:27

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Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD) is characterized by narrowed arteries that diminish blood flow to the extremities. Effective management of PAD requires an interprofessional approach involving various healthcare professionals. The critical aspects of interprofessional care for PAD patients focus on risk factor modification, drug therapy, exercise therapy, nutrition therapy, critical limb ischemia care, and interventional radiology and surgical procedures.The primary treatment goal for PAD...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 20, 2025

Creating Radio-cephalic Arteriovenous Fistula in the Forearm with a Modified No-Touch Technique
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The Upper-Arm Basilic-Cephalic Loop: A Valueable Alternative for Below-Knee Arterial Reconstruction.

Florian K Enzmann1, Peter Metzger1,2, Julio Ellacuriaga San Martin1

  • 1Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, University Hospital Salzburg, 31507Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.

Vascular and Endovascular Surgery
|January 22, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Arm vein grafts offer durable revascularization for lower limb arterial occlusions when great saphenous veins are unavailable. Alternative arm vein configurations demonstrate comparable limb salvage and secondary patency rates in complex bypass procedures.

Keywords:
alternative vein bypassarm veinperipheral artery diseaseperipheral vein bypass

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The Arteriovenous AV Loop in a Small Animal Model to Study Angiogenesis and Vascularized Tissue Engineering
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The Arteriovenous AV Loop in a Small Animal Model to Study Angiogenesis and Vascularized Tissue Engineering
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Area of Science:

  • Vascular Surgery
  • Arterial Reconstruction
  • Grafting Techniques

Background:

  • Bypass surgery is the gold standard for complex lower limb arterial occlusions.
  • Autologous veins are preferred grafts, but the great saphenous vein (GSV) is often unavailable.
  • Arm veins (AV) serve as crucial alternatives, particularly when forearm segments are unusable.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the efficacy of different arm vein (AV) configurations as bypass grafts for below-knee arterial reconstructions.
  • To compare primary patency, secondary patency, limb salvage, and survival rates of AV grafts against traditional options.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of consecutive patients undergoing peripheral bypass using arm veins between 1998 and 2018.
  • Categorization of AV grafts into continuous arm vein (CAV), spliced arm vein (SAV), and upper arm basilic-cephalic loop grafts.
  • Assessment of study endpoints including secondary patency and limb salvage rates with a median follow-up of 27 months.

Main Results:

  • Out of 2702 bypass procedures, 379 (14%) utilized arm veins.
  • Continuous arm vein grafts (CAV) were most common (77%), followed by spliced (SAV) and loop configurations.
  • After 3 years, secondary patency rates were 85% (CAV), 62% (SAV), and 66% (loop) (p=0.125).
  • Limb salvage rates at 3 years were 79% (CAV), 68% (SAV), and 79% (loop) (p=0.346).

Conclusions:

  • Alternative arm vein configurations provide valuable and durable revascularization options when continuous cephalic or basilic veins are not usable.
  • These techniques are particularly important for infragenual redo-bypass procedures, offering patients effective treatment alternatives.
  • The study highlights the successful application of various arm vein grafting strategies in complex vascular reconstructions.