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Related Concept Videos

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

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Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...
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Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

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Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for...
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Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

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Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012...
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Inheritance of Chromatin Structures03:17

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Epigenetics is the study of inherited changes in a cell's phenotype without changing the DNA sequences. It provides a form of memory for the differential gene expression pattern to maintain cell lineage, position-effect variegation, dosage compensation, and maintenance of chromatin structures such as telomeres and centromeres. For example, the structure and location of the centromere on chromosomes are epigenetically inherited. Its functionality is not dictated or ensured by the underlying...
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Duplication of Chromatin Structure02:05

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The process of chromosome duplication during cell division requires genome-wide disruption and re-assembly of chromatin. The chromatin structure must be accurately inherited, reassembled, and maintained in the daughter cells to ensure lineage propagation.
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Chromatin Position Affects Gene Expression02:35

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Chromatin is the massive complex of DNA and proteins packaged inside the nucleus. The complexity of chromatin folding and how it is packaged inside the nucleus greatly influences  access to genetic information. Generally, the nucleus' periphery is considered transcriptionally repressive, while the cell's interior is considered a transcriptionally active area. 
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Repressing Gene Transcription by Redirecting Cellular Machinery with Chemical Epigenetic Modifiers
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Chromatin accessibility dynamics during cell fate reprogramming.

Dongwei Li1,2,3,4, Xiaodong Shu1,3,4, Ping Zhu2

  • 1CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, South China Institutes for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.

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|January 22, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cell fate is controlled by genome architecture and chromatin dynamics. Chromatin acts as a binary switch during induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) reprogramming, offering potential for directing cell fate changes.

Keywords:
chromatin dynamicsreprogrammingstem cell

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Cell Biology
  • Epigenetics

Background:

  • Cell identity and fate are fundamentally regulated by genome architecture and chromatin dynamics.
  • Mapping chromatin landscapes provides crucial insights into dynamic cellular processes.
  • Understanding chromatin dynamics is key to controlling cell fate decisions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent findings linking chromatin dynamics to cell fate control.
  • To explore the role of chromatin dynamics in induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) reprogramming.
  • To discuss the implications of these dynamics for normal development and therapeutic applications.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent literature on chromatin dynamics and cell fate.
  • Analysis of mechanisms governing chromatin state changes during reprogramming.
  • Discussion of transcription factor roles in regulating chromatin accessibility.

Main Results:

  • Chromatin exhibits a binary 'off/on' switch during iPSC reprogramming.
  • Somatic cell loci are closed, while pluripotency transcription factor-occupied loci are opened.
  • This binary switch mechanism is potentially conserved in normal developmental cell fate control.

Conclusions:

  • Chromatin dynamics play a critical role in cell fate determination.
  • The binary switch model offers a framework for understanding developmental transitions.
  • These insights may enable novel strategies for directing cell fate changes in vitro and in vivo.