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Related Concept Videos

General Anesthesia: Overview01:24

General Anesthesia: Overview

397
Anesthesia is a medical procedure that uses drugs for CNS suppression to enable painless surgeries and procedures. The selection of anesthetics is influenced by their pharmacokinetic properties, side effects, and patient characteristics. Various types of anesthesia include general, local, regional, spinal, and inhalational.
General anesthesia induces unconsciousness in the whole body, while the others target specific areas or sensations. It is administered to minimize adverse effects, maintain...
397
Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia01:11

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia

1.0K
Spinal anesthetics are given during lower abdomen and limb surgeries to block sensory and motor neurons. They are administered in the mid to low lumbar regions, primarily acting on the cauda equina's nerve roots. The blockade level depends on the local anesthetic (LA) concentration. Usually, low LA concentrations are sufficient to block sensory fibers, while only high LA concentrations block motor fibers. Other factors like injection volume and speed, the patient's posture, and the drug...
1.0K
Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia01:29

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia

591
Epidural anesthetics are administered in the fat-filled epidural space, the outermost part of the spinal canal. This technique is commonly employed for pain management and anesthesia during lower abdomen and pelvis surgeries or labor and delivery.
Since epidural anesthetics can be infused through an epidural catheter, all types of drugs, including short-acting ones, can be administered. Chloroprocaine and lidocaine are examples of short and long-duration anesthetics, respectively. Bupivacaine...
591
Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview01:24

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview

422
Intravenous anesthetics are drugs administered parenterally to induce anesthesia or sedation. Propofol is a widely used agent formulated as a 1% emulsion in soybean oil, glycerol, and egg phosphatide. It induces rapid anesthesia primarily due to its rapid distribution from the bloodstream to target tissues and is metabolized in the liver. However, it can cause significant pain on injection and hypertriglyceridemia. Fospropofol, a water-based prodrug of propofol, lacks these adverse effects.
422
Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Intravenous Regional Anesthesia01:16

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Intravenous Regional Anesthesia

833
Intravenous regional anesthesia or the Bier block technique is used to anesthetize a specific limb or extremity. It uses exsanguinated or blood-drained vessels to transport local anesthetics or LAs to the peripheral nerve trunks. Lidocaine without vasoconstrictors like epinephrine is most commonly used for this technique. Other drugs used are prilocaine, ropivacaine, and chloroprocaine. Bupivacaine is not recommended for this technique due to its high cardiac toxicity.
One of the advantages of...
833
Local Anesthetics: Common Agents and Their Applications01:23

Local Anesthetics: Common Agents and Their Applications

705
Local anesthetics (LAs) are commonly used for various applications in medical and dental procedures. Some of the common agents used are cocaine, lidocaine, and bupivacaine.
Cocaine is an ester of benzoic acid and methylecgogine. It is used to anesthetize and vasoconstrict locally. Currently, it is used primarily for topical applications. It is beneficial for surgeries on the upper respiratory tract, providing anesthesia and shrinking the mucosa. Cocaine in the form of cocaine hydrochloride is...
705

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Updated: Nov 20, 2025

Optogenetic Activation of Afferent Pathways in Brain Slices and Modulation of Responses by Volatile Anesthetics
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Neuroanesthesiology Update.

Jeffrey J Pasternak1

  • 1Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN.

Journal of Neurosurgical Anesthesiology
|January 22, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This review covers 2020 literature on perioperative neurosurgical and neurological patient care. It highlights general neuroscientific considerations, stroke, traumatic brain injury, monitoring, anesthetic neurotoxicity, and cognitive function disorders.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurosurgery
  • Neurology
  • Critical Care Medicine

Background:

  • Perioperative care for neurosurgical and neurological patients is complex.
  • Critically ill patients with neurological conditions require specialized management.
  • Recent advancements necessitate a review of current literature.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize the 2020 literature relevant to perioperative neurosurgical and neurological patient care.
  • To provide an overview of key topics in the field.
  • To inform clinical practice and future research.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature search of publications from 2020.
  • Inclusion of studies relevant to perioperative neurosurgery and neurology.
  • Categorization of literature by broad topics.

Main Results:

  • Key findings from 2020 literature on general perioperative neuroscientific considerations.
  • Review of 2020 literature on stroke and traumatic brain injury management.
  • Summary of 2020 research on monitoring, anesthetic neurotoxicity, and cognitive function.

Conclusions:

  • The 2020 literature provides critical updates for perioperative neurosurgical and neurological care.
  • Understanding anesthetic neurotoxicity and cognitive dysfunction is essential.
  • Continued review of literature is vital for optimizing patient outcomes.