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Updated: Nov 20, 2025

Measuring Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System ANS Activity in Toddlers - Resting and Developmental Challenges
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Age and extraversion differences in heart rate reactivity during working memory tasks.

Ann Pearman1, Shevaun D Neupert2, Gilda E Ennis3

  • 1School of Psychology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America.

Plos One
|January 22, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Heart rate reactivity during cognitive tasks differs between age groups and extraversion levels. Younger adults showed higher reactivity when low in extraversion on difficult tasks, while older adults showed the opposite pattern.

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Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Gerontology

Background:

  • Previous research links heart rate (HR) reactivity during cognitive testing to extraversion in younger adults.
  • Limited research has explored these relationships in older adult populations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate age and extraversion-related differences in within-person HR reactivity.
  • To examine HR reactivity during working memory tasks of varying difficulty in younger and older adults.

Main Methods:

  • Employed a multi-level modeling approach with continuous HR monitoring.
  • Assessed 570 within-person assessments across 28 younger and 29 older adults.
  • Administered two working memory tasks: backward digit span and n-back.

Main Results:

  • No significant age differences in HR reactivity were found during the backward digit span task.
  • On the more difficult n-back task, younger adults low in extraversion trended towards higher HR reactivity.
  • Older adults exhibited an inverse pattern: lower extraversion was associated with less HR reactivity, while higher extraversion showed the steepest HR increase.

Conclusions:

  • Age and extraversion significantly moderate HR reactivity during demanding cognitive tasks.
  • Higher HR reactivity in extraverted older adults on the n-back task may indicate increased cognitive engagement.
  • Individual differences in extraversion are crucial for interpreting working memory task performance in older adults.