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Dispositional individual differences in cognitive effort investment: establishing the core construct.

Corinna Kührt1, Sebastian Pannasch2, Stefan J Kiebel2

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Summary

This study reveals a core factor of cognitive effort investment underlying individual differences in willingness to engage in demanding tasks. Findings integrate cognitive motivation and self-control research for future studies on goal-directed behavior.

Keywords:
Demand avoidanceEffort discountingEffort investmentIndividual differencesMotivationNeed for cognitionSelf-control

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Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Cognitive Science

Background:

  • Individuals often avoid effortful tasks, both physical and mental.
  • Individual differences exist in the dispositional willingness to invest cognitive effort.
  • Need for cognition (NFC) and self-control traits relate to effort discounting and demand avoidance, respectively.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if NFC and self-control share a common core factor related to cognitive effort investment.
  • To specify a core construct of cognitive effort investment reflecting dispositional differences in exerting effortful control.

Main Methods:

  • Two studies (N=613, N=244) utilized questionnaires assessing cognitive motivation, effort investment, NFC, intellect, self-control, and effortful control.
  • Mediation models and confirmatory factor analysis of a hierarchical model were employed.
  • Validation included correlations with self-efficacy and Five Factor Model personality traits.

Main Results:

  • Findings supported hypothesized correlations between NFC and self-control, mediated by goal-directedness.
  • A hierarchical factor model of cognitive motivation and effortful self-control was established and replicated.
  • A second-order factor of cognitive effort investment explained the shared variance of first-order factors.

Conclusions:

  • Results integrate research on cognitive motivation and self-control.
  • A common core factor of cognitive effort investment was identified.
  • Provides a basis for future research on individual differences in goal-directed behavior and cost-benefit models.