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Related Concept Videos

Essential Minerals for Bone Health01:31

Essential Minerals for Bone Health

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The minerals contained in all of the food we consume are essential for our organ systems. However, certain essential minerals, such as calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, manganese, and fluoride, largely affect bone health.
Calcium and Phosphorus
Calcium is a critical component of bones, especially in the form of calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate. Since the body cannot make calcium, it must be obtained from the diet. However, calcium cannot be absorbed from the small intestine without...
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Role of Vitamins in Maintaining Bone Health01:25

Role of Vitamins in Maintaining Bone Health

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The growth and maintenance of bone are regulated by a combination of nutritional factors, including vitamins, such as vitamin A, B12, C, D, and K.
Vitamin A
Vitamin A is involved in the process of bone remodeling. Retinoic acid, the active metabolite of Vitamin A, has nuclear receptors in osteoblasts and osteoclasts, which are involved in bone remodeling.
Vitamin B12
Vitamin B12 acts as a cofactor during the formation of osteoblast-related proteins, such as osteocalcin. Vitamin B12 plays a role...
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Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis01:21

Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis

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Calcium is not only the most abundant mineral in bone but also the most abundant mineral in the human body. Calcium ions are needed for bone mineralization, tooth health, heart rate regulation and strength of contraction, blood coagulation, the contraction of smooth and skeletal muscle cells, and the regulation of nerve impulse conduction. The average calcium level in the blood is about 10 mg/dL. When the body cannot maintain this level, a person will experience hypo or hypercalcemia.
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Minerals01:26

Minerals

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Minerals are essential nutrients that the human body needs in small amounts to work properly. They play a vital role in many bodily functions, such as building strong bones and transmitting nerve impulses. Some minerals are needed for hormone production or to maintain a normal heartbeat. Major minerals include calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, sodium, chlorine, and magnesium, while trace minerals include iron, manganese, copper, iodine, zinc, cobalt, fluoride, and selenium.
 
Major...
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Bone Disorders01:29

Bone Disorders

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Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
Bone deposition is also affected by the levels of sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone that promote osteoblast activity and bone matrix synthesis. When the level of these hormones decreases due to aging, it causes a reduction in bone deposition. As a result, bone resorption by osteoclasts...
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What is the Skeletal System?01:02

What is the Skeletal System?

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Micro-dissection of Enamel Organ from Mandibular Incisor of Rats Exposed to Environmental Toxicants
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Cadmium toxicity: A role in bone cell function and teeth development.

Yonggang Ma1, Di Ran1, Xueni Shi1

  • 1College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China.

The Science of the Total Environment
|January 23, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cadmium exposure damages bone metabolism, causing diseases like osteoporosis and osteoarthritis by harming bone cells and impairing teeth development. Understanding these molecular mechanisms is key to addressing cadmium toxicity.

Keywords:
BMSCCadmiumChondrocyteOsteoblastOsteoclastOsteocyteTeeth

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Health
  • Toxicology
  • Bone Biology

Background:

  • Cadmium (Cd) is a pervasive environmental toxin linked to severe bone diseases, including osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, and osteomalacia.
  • Cd exposure disrupts normal bone cell function and can negatively impact teeth development.
  • Understanding the cellular and molecular pathways of Cd-induced bone injury is crucial for developing mitigation strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the molecular mechanisms underlying cadmium-induced bone injury.
  • To explore the effects of cadmium on bone cell function, including osteoblast differentiation and apoptosis.
  • To investigate the impact of cadmium on teeth development and associated conditions like dental caries.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on cadmium toxicity and bone/teeth development.
  • Analysis of cellular and molecular mechanisms of cadmium's effects on bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs), osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and chondrocytes.
  • Examination of the role of metallothionein (MT) in mitigating cadmium toxicity.

Main Results:

  • Cadmium inhibits BMSC differentiation into osteoblasts and induces BMSC apoptosis.
  • Cd promotes bone resorption by affecting osteoclast activation and causes osteoblast injury via oxidative stress, DNA damage, and endoplasmic reticulum stress.
  • Cadmium-induced chondrocyte damage may contribute to osteoarthritis development, while enamel development and dental caries are affected in teeth.

Conclusions:

  • Cadmium exposure triggers significant bone damage through various cellular and molecular pathways.
  • Understanding these mechanisms provides insights into cadmium-induced bone diseases and potential environmental remediation approaches.
  • Further research into metallothionein's protective role could offer therapeutic avenues against cadmium toxicity.