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Updated: Nov 20, 2025
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Induction and Clinical Scoring of Chronic-Relapsing Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
Published on: July 4, 2007
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Tics in patients with encephalitis.
James Badenoch1, Tamara Searle1, Iona Watson1
1Department of Neuropsychiatry, BSMHFT and University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
Summary
Tics can manifest in various forms of encephalitis, particularly after the acute phase. This systematic review highlights the association between encephalitis and tics, aiding in earlier clinical detection.
Area of Science:
- Neurology
- Neuroscience
- Infectious Diseases
Background:
- Movement disorders are recognized complications of encephalitis.
- Hyperkinetic manifestations, such as tics, have been sporadically reported across diverse encephalitis etiologies.
Purpose of the Study:
- To systematically review and characterize the prevalence and features of tics in patients diagnosed with encephalitis.
Main Methods:
- A comprehensive systematic literature review was performed.
- Studies were identified across major scientific databases adhering to PRISMA guidelines.
Main Results:
- Tics are associated with encephalitis lethargica, autoimmune encephalitides (anti-NMDAR, anti-VGKC, anti-GlyR), and infections (HSV, prions).
- Tics most frequently occurred in the post-encephalitic phase, often with basal ganglia involvement.
Conclusions:
- The emergence of new-onset tics alongside other neuropsychiatric symptoms may indicate encephalitis.
- Further research is needed for classifying and treating hyperkinetic movement disorders linked to encephalitis.
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