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Related Concept Videos

Bone Remodeling01:40

Bone Remodeling

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Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.
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Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling01:31

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Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during...
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Fractures: Bone Repair01:27

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Treatment for a fracture is based on the type of break, the bone affected, and the patient's age.
Minor fractures with no bone displacement are treated by immobilizing the fractured bone using a cast or splint. However, in the case of fractures with displaced bones, the broken bones are repositioned before immobilization to ensure successful healing without deformation and loss of function. The realignment of fractured bone ends is performed through a process called reduction. If the...
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Growth of Cartilage and Bone Tissue01:27

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Chondrocytes form a temporary cartilaginous model by dividing and secreting a thick gel-like extracellular matrix. Once the chondrocytes undergo programmed cell death, osteoblasts enter the site of the cartilaginous model. The process of replacing the temporary cartilaginous model with bone in an ordered manner is called endochondral ossification. In endochondral ossification, not all of the cartilage is replaced by bone tissue. Some cartilage that performs a protective and supportive function...
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Bone Cells and Tissue01:30

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Bones contain a relatively small number of cells entrenched in a matrix of organic and inorganic components. Although bone cells compose only a small amount of the bone volume, they are crucial to its function. Four types of cells are found within the bone tissue— osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteogenic cells, and osteoclasts.
Osteoblasts and Osteocytes
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Bone Formation by Endochondral Ossification01:24

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Bone formation, or ossification, begins around the sixth to seventh week of embryonic development. Most bones develop from a cartilaginous template through the process of endochondral ossification. Cartilage formation begins when clusters of mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondrocytes. These chondrocytes proliferate rapidly and secrete an extracellular matrix that becomes encased in a membrane called the perichondrium. The resulting cartilage model provides a template that resembles the...
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Updated: Nov 20, 2025

Adult Mouse Digit Amputation and Regeneration: A Simple Model to Investigate Mammalian Blastema Formation and Intramembranous Ossification
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Osteon: Structure, Turnover, and Regeneration.

Bei Chang1, Xiaohua Liu1

  • 1Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, Texas, USA.

Tissue Engineering. Part B, Reviews
|January 25, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cortical bone regeneration requires reconstructing osteons, the structural units of compact bone. This review summarizes osteon structure, function, and bioengineering strategies for effective bone repair.

Keywords:
basic multicellular unitbone regenerationbone structuremicrocracksosteon

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Orthopedic Research
  • Cellular Biology

Background:

  • Cortical bone, crucial for skeletal mechanical strength, has limited research on repair and regeneration.
  • Osteons, the functional units of cortical bone, are vital for bone mechanics and turnover.
  • Reconstructing osteon structure is essential for successful cortical bone regeneration.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review recent advances in osteon research.
  • To elucidate the structure, function, and turnover of osteons.
  • To highlight bioengineering strategies for osteon recapitulation and cortical bone regeneration.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent advances in osteon research.
  • Illustration of osteon hierarchical structure and functions.
  • Emphasis on cellular-level modeling and remodeling processes of osteons.
  • Highlighting bioengineering approaches for osteon structure recapitulation.

Main Results:

  • Osteons play critical roles in bone mechanics, turnover, and dynamics.
  • Osteon modeling and remodeling are influenced by mechanical loading and aging.
  • Emerging bioengineering techniques aim to mimic osteon structure for regenerative purposes.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding osteon structure and function is key to advancing cortical bone regeneration.
  • Bioengineering approaches offer promising strategies for mimicking osteons.
  • This review provides insights for future research in orthopedic and regenerative medicine.