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Updated: Nov 20, 2025

An Ivor Lewis Esophagectomy Designed to Minimize Anastomotic Complications and Optimize Conduit Function
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Equal means equal: Cardiothoracic surgery in its second century.

Marc R Moon1

  • 1Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Mo.

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PubMed
Summary

Achieving diversity in cardiothoracic surgery requires addressing systemic barriers. Concerted, top-down efforts are essential to ensure equitable representation for all genders and races in this rewarding surgical specialty.

Keywords:
diversityeducationleadershipmedical student recruitmentwomen in surgery

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiothoracic Surgery
  • Surgical Education
  • Diversity and Inclusion

Background:

  • The field of cardiothoracic surgery is entering its second century.
  • While there is an increasing number of women and underrepresented minorities, true race and gender equity has not yet been achieved.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore specific barriers hindering diversity and inclusion in cardiothoracic surgery.
  • To identify mechanisms for dismantling these barriers and promoting a more equitable field.

Main Methods:

  • This report examines existing challenges and proposes actionable strategies.
  • Focus is placed on a top-down approach at both local and national levels.

Main Results:

  • Key barriers include a historical lack of exposure, encouragement, mentorship, and sponsorship for underrepresented groups.
  • Diversity will not be achieved passively; it requires deliberate and sustained effort.

Conclusions:

  • Cardiothoracic surgery offers a challenging and rewarding career for all individuals, irrespective of gender, race, or ethnicity.
  • Leadership must actively work to dismantle traditional barriers and foster a welcoming environment.