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Related Concept Videos

Magnetic Moment of an Electron01:23

Magnetic Moment of an Electron

Electrons revolving around a nucleus are analogous to a circular current carrying loop. This current produces a magnetic dipole moment proportional to the electron's orbital angular momentum. Since the orbital angular momentum is quantized in terms of the reduced Planck's constant, the dipole moment is quantized in the Bohr Magneton. The value of the Bohr magneton is 9.27 x 10-24 Am2. Electrons also have an intrinsic spin angular momentum, and the associated spin magnetic moment is...
Magnetostatic Boundary Conditions01:28

Magnetostatic Boundary Conditions

An electric field suffers a discontinuity at a surface charge. Similarly, a magnetic field is discontinuous at a surface current. The perpendicular component of a magnetic field is continuous across the interface of two magnetic mediums. In contrast, its parallel component, perpendicular to the current, is discontinuous by the amount equal to the product of the vacuum permeability and the surface current. Like the scalar potential in electrostatics, the vector potential is also continuous...
Inductively Coupled Plasma–Mass Spectrometry (ICP–MS): Overview01:19

Inductively Coupled Plasma–Mass Spectrometry (ICP–MS): Overview

In inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (ICP–MS), an inductively coupled plasma (ICP) torch is used as an atomizer and ionizer. Solid samples are dissolved and volatilized before being introduced into the high-temperature argon plasma, while solution samples are nebulized and passed through the high-temperature argon plasma. Plasma dissociates the analytes and ionizes their component atoms to form a mixture of positive ions and molecular species. The positive ions are then passed on to...
Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation01:22

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

The instrumentation of atomic emission spectrometry (AES) involves various components, including atomization devices that convert samples into gas-phase atoms and ions. There are two main types of atomization devices: continuous and discrete atomizers.  Continuous atomizers, like plasmas and flames, introduce samples in a constant stream, while discrete atomizers inject individual samples using syringes or autosamplers. The most common discrete atomizer is the electrothermal atomizer.
Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Interference01:30

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Interference

In atomic emission spectroscopy (AES), high-temperature atomizers excite a broad range of elements and molecules that generate complex emissions from sources such as oxides, hydroxides, and flame combustion products in the flame or plasma. Several strategies can be employed to minimize spectral interferences caused by overlapping emission lines or bands. These include increasing instrument resolution, choosing alternative emission lines, optimally placing the detector in low-background regions,...
Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation01:26

Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

Inductively coupled plasma (ICP) is the common plasma source used in atomic emission spectroscopy (AES), a technique that detects and analyzes various elements in a sample. This method is often called inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES).
There are three main types of inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy  (ICP-AES) instruments: sequential, simultaneous multichannel, and Fourier transform instruments, with the latter being less commonly used.

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SERENA: Particle Instrument Suite for Determining the Sun-Mercury Interaction from BepiColombo.

S Orsini1, S A Livi2,3, H Lichtenegger4

  • 1Institute of Space Astrophysics and Planetology, INAF, via del Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Rome, Italy.

Space Science Reviews
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The BepiColombo mission

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Planetary Science
  • Space Physics
  • Mercury Exploration

Background:

  • Mercury's magnetosphere and exosphere are poorly understood.
  • The BepiColombo mission offers a unique dual-spacecraft approach.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To detail the scientific goals and instrumentation of the SERENA suite.
  • To present calibration results and planned operations for particle detection at Mercury.

Main Methods:

  • The Search for Exospheric Refilling and Emitted Natural Abundances (SERENA) instrument suite.
  • Four sensors (ELENA, Strofio, PICAM, MIPA) for ion and neutral particle detection.
  • In-situ measurements during the BepiColombo mission to Mercury.

Main Results:

  • Detailed description of SERENA's four sensors and their capabilities.
  • Presentation of major features and calibration results for each sensor.
  • Overview of planned operational activities during cruise and orbital phases.

Conclusions:

  • SERENA is the sole instrument for ion and neutral particle detection on the Mercury Planetary Orbiter.
  • The instrument suite is designed to investigate Mercury's particle dynamics and interactions.
  • SERENA's data will be crucial for understanding Mercury's environment.