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Myopia is a growing global concern, with increasing prevalence in children and adults. Key risk factors include genetics and near work, while outdoor activity offers protection.

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Epidemiology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Myopia, a pandemic refractive error, poses risks of serious complications, including blindness.
  • Prevalence is increasing globally, particularly in East Asia, and worsens with age.
  • High myopia prevalence is also rising, alongside general myopia rates.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review epidemiological studies on myopia published after 2018.
  • To analyze various risk factors associated with myopia development and progression.
  • To inform prevention and control strategies for myopia, especially in adolescents.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of epidemiological research on myopia.
  • Analysis of prevalence data across different regions, age groups, and timeframes.
  • Examination of identified risk and protective factors for myopia.

Main Results:

  • Myopia prevalence varies significantly by region, age, and ethnicity, with notable increases globally.
  • Increased outdoor activity is a protective factor; near-distance work and higher education are risk factors.
  • The influence of gender, urbanization, nutrition, digital screens, and specific medical conditions remains unclear due to insufficient evidence.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding myopia's multifaceted risk factors is crucial for elucidating its mechanisms.
  • Effective prevention and control measures are needed to protect public health, particularly for young populations.
  • Further research is required to clarify the impact of several potential contributing factors on myopia.