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Related Concept Videos

Introduction to Membrane Traffic01:44

Introduction to Membrane Traffic

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The ER, Golgi apparatus, endosomes, and lysosomes work in tandem to modify, sort, and package proteins and lipids. An integrated membrane trafficking network facilitates the back and forth shuttling of molecules within different organelles in the same cell or across the cell membrane.
The transport of soluble and membrane proteins is mediated by transport vesicles that collect cargo from one cellular compartment and deliver it to another by fusing with the target organelle membrane. The Rab...
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Protein Translocation Machinery on the ER Membrane01:28

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The translocon complex situated on the ER membrane is the main gateway for the protein secretory pathway. It facilitates the transport of nascent peptides into the ER lumen and their insertion into the ER membrane.
Sec61 protein conducting channel
In eukaryotes, the translocon complex comprises a core heterotrimeric translocator channel called the Sec61 complex. This channel includes three transmembrane proteins, Sec61α, Sec61β, and Sec61γ, and is the largest subunit of the...
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Vesicular Tubular Clusters01:45

Vesicular Tubular Clusters

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After budding out from the ER membrane, some COPII vesicles lose their coat and fuse with one another to form larger vesicles and interconnected tubules called vesicular tubular clusters or VTCs. These clusters constitute a compartment at the ER-Golgi interface known as ERGIC (Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Intermediate Compartment). The ERGIC is a mobile membrane-bound cargo transport system that sorts proteins secreted from ER and delivers them to the Golgi.
With the help of motor proteins such...
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Protein Transport into the Inner Mitochondrial Membrane01:34

Protein Transport into the Inner Mitochondrial Membrane

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Nuclear encoded mitochondrial precursors are imported to the inner membrane in a multistep process involving two separate translocons, TIM22 and TIM23. TIM23 is a cation-selective pore that remains closed by the N terminal segment of the protein. Negative charges on the TIM23 act as a receptor for the incoming precursor, pulling the positively charged matrix-targeting sequence for peptide insertion and translocation.
Transport of mitochondrial precursors across the TIM23 channel is driven by...
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Cotranslational Protein Translocation01:20

Cotranslational Protein Translocation

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Translocation of proteins across membranes is an ancient process that occurs even in bacteria and archaebacteria. In fact, the components of the translocation machinery are still conserved between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Sec61 channel partners for cotranslational translocation
During cotranslational translocation, the Sec61 channel partners with the signal recognition particle (SRP), the signal recognition particle receptor (SR), and the ribosomes to transport the nascent polypeptide chain...
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The Endoplasmic Reticulum01:43

The Endoplasmic Reticulum

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The endoplasmic reticulum or ER makes up for more than half of the membranes in a cell and accounts for 10% of total cell volume. It is also the primary protein and lipid synthesis factory for most cell organelles, such as the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, secretory vesicles, and the plasma membrane. Despite being the most extensive and functionally complex subcellular organelle, ER was the last to be discovered. After years of deliberation, Keith Porter and George Palade in the year 1954,...
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Updated: Nov 20, 2025

Reconstitution of Msp1 Extraction Activity with Fully Purified Components
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Endomembrane Tension and Trafficking.

Amra Saric1, Spencer A Freeman2,3

  • 1Neurosciences and Cellular and Structural Biology Division, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States.

Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology
|January 25, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cellular endomembranes are remodeled by controlling membrane tension through solute transport. Efflux of solutes from endosomes and lysosomes regulates membrane deformation and organelle trafficking.

Keywords:
ESCRTV-ATPaseendocytosision transportmTORmacropinocytosisphagocytosissorting nexin

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Membrane Trafficking
  • Endocytosis

Background:

  • Eukaryotic cells internalize extracellular material via diverse endocytic mechanisms.
  • Internalized contents are enclosed in endosomes, which undergo remodeling and maturation.
  • Endosome and lysosome function involves complex sorting and trafficking events.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role of membrane tension in endosomal sorting and trafficking.
  • To explore how solute transport regulates endomembrane tension.
  • To propose a mechanism for content-based organelle trafficking control.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on endocytic pathways.
  • Analysis of solute transport mechanisms in early endosomes and lysosomes.
  • Discussion of membrane tension dynamics during endomembrane remodeling.

Main Results:

  • Membrane remodeling is opposed by high tension and facilitated by tension relief.
  • Solute efflux from endosomes and lysosomes controls membrane tension.
  • Specific channels and transporters facilitate solute movement, enabling membrane deformation.

Conclusions:

  • Solute transport is a critical determinant of endomembrane tension.
  • Control of membrane tension by solute efflux is a key mechanism for organelle trafficking.
  • This mechanism may direct organellar trafficking based on luminal contents.