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Related Concept Videos

Types of RNA01:23

Types of RNA

70.9K
Overview
Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in the regulation of gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
RNA...
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Types of RNA01:20

Types of RNA

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Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in regulating gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
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Translational Regulation01:29

Translational Regulation

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Translational regulation in prokaryotes ensures efficient protein synthesis by controlling ribosome access to mRNA. This regulation is mediated by secondary RNA structures, including translational riboswitches, RNA thermometers, and small RNAs (sRNAs), which respond to intracellular and environmental signals to modulate gene expression.Translational RiboswitchesRiboswitches in the leader region of mRNAs can regulate translation by altering the accessibility of the Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence,...
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Other Stress Responses in Bacteria01:30

Other Stress Responses in Bacteria

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Bacteria have global regulatory systems that control several types of stress mechanisms. These include Pho regulon and the heat shock response, which are essential systems for environmental adaptation, such as nutrient limitation and proteotoxic stress. The Pho regulon and the heat shock response exemplify bacterial resilience, enabling rapid adaptation to fluctuating environmental conditions.Pho RegulonBacteria require phosphorus for essential cellular processes, including nucleic acid...
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Regulation of the Unfolded Protein Response01:31

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Inositol-requiring kinase one or IRE1 is the most conserved eukaryotic unfolded protein response (UPR) receptor. It is a type I transmembrane protein kinase receptor with a distinctive site-specific RNase activity. As the binding mechanics of the misfolded proteins with the N-terminal domain of IRE-1 are unclear, three binding models — direct, indirect, and allosteric -- are proposed for receptor activation. Nevertheless, it is known that once a misfolded protein associates with IRE1, it...
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lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs02:39

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs

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In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA...
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In Silico Identification and Characterization of circRNAs During Host-Pathogen Interactions
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Noncoding RNAs: modulators and modulatable players during infection-induced stress response.

Partha Chattopadhyay, Janani Srinivasa Vasudevan, Rajesh Pandey

    Briefings in Functional Genomics
    |January 25, 2021
    PubMed
    Summary

    Transposable elements in the human genome significantly contribute to RNA, especially noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs). These ncRNAs play crucial roles in cellular stress responses and disease, highlighting their importance in host-pathogen interactions.

    Keywords:
    ER stressSARS-CoV-2infectionsncRNAsstress responseunfolded protein response (UPR)

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    Area of Science:

    • Genomics
    • Molecular Biology
    • RNA Biology

    Background:

    • The human genome contains a balance of unique and transposable genetic elements.
    • Transposable elements contribute significantly to the transcriptome, particularly noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs).
    • ncRNAs, including those from Long Interspersed Nuclear Elements (LINEs) and Short Interspersed Nuclear Elements (SINEs), are vital components of the transcriptome.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To explore the functional significance of ncRNAs derived from repetitive elements.
    • To investigate the role of ncRNAs in cellular stress responses.
    • To understand the involvement of ncRNAs in host responses to pathogenic diseases like COVID-19.

    Main Methods:

    • Analysis of human genome composition and transcriptome data.
    • Review of existing literature on ncRNA function during stress.
    • Examination of ncRNA regulation in pathogenic conditions.

    Main Results:

    • Transposable elements are a major source of ncRNAs in the human transcriptome.
    • Specific ncRNAs (e.g., MALAT1, GAS5, miR-204, miR-199a-5p) are implicated in oxidative stress, ER stress, and Unfolded Protein Response (UPR).
    • Alu RNAs from SINEs are significant contributors, especially in primate genomes.
    • Pathogenic diseases, including COVID-19, induce differential regulation of ncRNAs.

    Conclusions:

    • ncRNAs derived from repetitive genomic elements are functionally important, particularly under stress conditions.
    • Further research is needed to elucidate the role of ncRNAs in host defense against pathogens.