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Related Concept Videos

Deductive Reasoning01:16

Deductive Reasoning

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Deductive reasoning, or deduction, is the type of logic used in hypothesis-based science. In deductive reasoning, the pattern of thinking moves in the opposite direction as compared to inductive reasoning, which means that it uses a general principle or law to predict specific results. From those general principles, a scientist can deduce and predict the specific results that would be valid as long as the general principles are valid.
For example, a researcher can deduce specific predictions...
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Inductive Reasoning00:59

Inductive Reasoning

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Inductive reasoning is a form of logical thinking that uses related observations to arrive at a general conclusion. It is uncertain and operates in degrees to which the conclusions are credible. As such, inductive arguments can be weak or strong, rather than valid or invalid, and conclusions can be used to formulate testable, falsifiable hypotheses.
Inductive reasoning is common in descriptive science. A life scientist makes observations and records them. This data can be qualitative or...
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Reasoning01:30

Reasoning

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Reasoning is the action of thinking about something in a logical, sensible way. It is integral to problem-solving, decision-making, and critical thinking. Reasoning can be inductive or deductive. Reasoning involves transforming information into conclusions, which is essential for problem-solving, decision-making, and critical thinking.
Inductive reasoning involves deriving generalizations from specific observations. This type of reasoning helps form beliefs about the world. For example,...
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Reason and Intuition01:37

Reason and Intuition

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The human brain processes information for decision-making using one of two routes: an intuitive system and a rational system (Epstein, 1994; popularized by Kahneman, 2011 as System 1 and System 2, respectively). The intuitive system is quick, impulsive, and operates with minimal effort, relying on emotions or habits to provide cues for what to do next, while the rational system is logical, analytical, deliberate, and methodical. Research in neuropsychology suggests that the...
7.2K
Decision Making: P-value Method01:09

Decision Making: P-value Method

6.4K
The process of hypothesis testing based on the P-value method includes calculating the P- value using the sample data and interpreting it.
First, a specific claim about the population parameter is proposed. The claim is based on the research question and is stated in a simple form. Further, an opposing statement to the claim  is also stated. These statements can act as null and alternative hypotheses:  a null hypothesis would be a neutral statement while the alternative hypothesis can...
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Decision Making: Traditional Method01:14

Decision Making: Traditional Method

4.8K
The process of hypothesis testing based on the traditional method includes calculating the critical value, testing the value of the test statistic using the sample data, and interpreting these values.
First, a specific claim about the population parameter is decided based on the research question and is stated in a simple form. Further, an opposing statement to this claim is also stated. These statements can act as null and alternative hypotheses, out of which a null hypothesis would be a...
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Using Eye Movements Recorded in the Visual World Paradigm to Explore the Online Processing of Spoken Language
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Reasoning Through the Disjunctive Syllogism in Monkeys.

Stephen Ferrigno1,2, Yiyun Huang2,3, Jessica F Cantlon2,4

  • 1Department of Psychology, Harvard University.

Psychological Science
|January 25, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Monkeys demonstrate logical reasoning abilities previously thought unique to humans. This study shows nonhuman animals can perform deductive reasoning, a key aspect of the disjunctive syllogism, without language.

Keywords:
comparative cognitiondisjunctive syllogisminferencelogicprimatesreasoning

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Science
  • Animal Behavior
  • Comparative Psychology

Background:

  • Logical inference, including disjunctive syllogism (A or B; not A, then B), is fundamental to human cognition.
  • Nonhuman animals exhibit reasoning by exclusion, but deductive capabilities in disjunctive syllogism remain unexamined.
  • Understanding animal cognition sheds light on the evolution of reasoning and its non-linguistic origins.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether nonhuman animals, specifically monkeys, can perform the deductive aspect of a disjunctive syllogism.
  • To determine if the full logical inference of a disjunctive syllogism is exclusive to humans or requires language.

Main Methods:

  • A food-choice task was designed to assess monkeys' ability to reason through a complete disjunctive syllogism.
  • The task evaluated the monkeys' understanding of the dependent relationship between options and deductive inference.

Main Results:

  • Monkeys successfully reasoned through the entire disjunctive syllogism in the food-choice task.
  • The results indicate monkeys can make the deductive inference: if not A, then B must be true.

Conclusions:

  • The capacity for deductive reasoning within a disjunctive syllogism is not unique to humans.
  • These findings suggest that complex logical inference does not necessitate language capabilities.