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Related Concept Videos

Design Example: Flow of Oil Through Circular Pipes01:25

Design Example: Flow of Oil Through Circular Pipes

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Understanding fluid flow behavior through pipes is critical in fluid mechanics, especially in applications like oil transportation through pipelines. Hagen-Poiseuille's law provides an exact solution derived from the Navier-Stokes equations for steady, incompressible, and laminar flow within a circular pipe. Hagen-Poiseuille's law helps determine the necessary pressure drop across a pipeline section by determining parameters like pipe length, radius, oil viscosity, and the desired volumetric...
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Pipe Flowrate Measurement01:28

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In pipe flow measurement, orifice, nozzle, and Venturi meters are commonly used to determine fluid flowrates by constricting the flow area, which increases fluid velocity and reduces pressure. This pressure difference, governed by Bernoulli's principle and adjusted for real-world conditions, is essential for calculating flowrate. Each meter type is suited to specific applications based on accuracy, efficiency, and compatibility with various flow conditions.
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General Characteristics of Pipe Flow I01:22

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Pipe flow refers to the movement of fluids within fully enclosed conduits, typically cylindrical in shape, such as water pipes or hydraulic hoses. These conduits are designed to withstand high-pressure gradients that drive fluid movement, contrasting with open-channel flows, where gravity is the primary driving force. Rectangular conduits, like air conditioning and heating ducts, generally operate at lower pressures and are less suited for high-pressure applications.
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Laminar flow represents a smooth, orderly fluid motion where particles move along parallel paths, resulting in minimal mixing between layers. Streamlined particle paths characterize this flow regime and occur under conditions where viscous forces dominate over inertial forces. The distinction between laminar, transitional, and turbulent flow is primarily determined by the Reynolds number, a dimensionless quantity calculated as:
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In pipe flow analysis, problems are typically categorized into three types — Type I, Type II, and Type III — based on the known parameters and the desired outcome. Each type of problem addresses specific engineering requirements using fluid properties, pipe characteristics, and operational conditions.
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Laminar flow occurs when a fluid moves smoothly in parallel layers with minimal mixing and turbulence. In fluid mechanics, ensuring laminar flow within a pipe is essential for precise control of flow characteristics, especially in engineering applications. The key factor in determining whether flow remains laminar is the Reynolds number, a dimensionless quantity that depends on the fluid's velocity, density, viscosity, and the pipe's diameter. A Reynolds number of 2100 or lower...
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Updated: Nov 20, 2025

High-precision Electromagnetic Flowmeter with Empty Pipe Detection via Complex Programmable Logic Device-based Waveform Recognition
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[Indication and Technical Tips for Flow Diveter Placement:Pipeline and FRED].

Akira Ishii1

  • 1Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University.

No Shinkei Geka. Neurological Surgery
|January 25, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Flow diverters like Pipeline™ Flex and FRED™ treat large brain aneurysms. FRED™ offers wider indications and easier deployment, but both have specific technical considerations and contraindications.

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Area of Science:

  • Endovascular neurosurgery
  • Cerebrovascular diseases
  • Medical device technology

Background:

  • Over 2000 patients treated with Pipeline™ Flex since 2015.
  • Pipeline™ Flex indications expanded via PREMIER trial.
  • FRED™ approved in 2020 with broader indications than Pipeline™.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Compare indications and technical aspects of Pipeline™ Flex and FRED™ flow diverters.
  • Highlight deployment and post-deployment characteristics.
  • Discuss adjunctive therapies for aneurysm treatment.

Main Methods:

  • Review of indications for Pipeline™ Flex and FRED™.
  • Analysis of technical deployment differences.
  • Consideration of contraindications and adjunctive treatments.

Main Results:

  • Pipeline™ indicated for internal carotid artery (ICA) and vertebral artery (VA) aneurysms (≥5 mm).
  • FRED™ indications include ICA, VA, proximal anterior cerebral, proximal middle cerebral, and basilar arteries.
  • FRED™ offers easier deployment but is resistant to balloon angioplasty post-deployment.
  • Both are contraindicated in acute subarachnoid hemorrhage.
  • Coiling may reduce delayed rupture risk for intradural aneurysms.

Conclusions:

  • FRED™ and Pipeline™ Flex are key flow diverters for large intracranial aneurysms.
  • Understanding device-specific technical nuances is crucial for successful treatment.
  • Adjunctive coiling may be beneficial in select cases.