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Systemic Toxoplasmosis in a Horse.

Katelyn M Kimble1, Gabriel Gomez2, Joseph A Szule1

  • 1Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, Texas, USA.

Journal of Comparative Pathology
|January 26, 2021
PubMed
Summary

This study reports the first clinical case of toxoplasmosis in a horse, identified by protozoal tachyzoites in gastric masses and caecal necrosis. This finding highlights the potential for Toxoplasma gondii to cause severe disease in equines.

Keywords:
Toxoplasma gondiihorseslymph nodetoxoplasmosis

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Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Pathology
  • Equine Medicine
  • Parasitology

Background:

  • Toxoplasma gondii is a widespread protozoan parasite known to infect various warm-blooded animals.
  • While serological evidence of T. gondii exposure is documented in horses globally, clinical manifestations have not been previously reported.
  • Equine health often faces challenges from infectious and inflammatory conditions, necessitating accurate diagnosis and understanding of causative agents.

Observation:

  • An adult American Quarter Horse gelding presented with acute colic, fever, diarrhea, and elevated liver enzymes, alongside a history of weight loss.
  • Necropsy revealed gastric mucosal masses and caecal necrosis.
  • Histopathological examination identified granulomatous inflammation and necrosis within the gastric masses, containing protozoal tachyzoites consistent with T. gondii.

Findings:

  • Microscopic examination confirmed the presence of protozoal tachyzoites within and surrounding necrotic areas in the gastric masses and caecum.
  • Immunohistochemical staining for T. gondii was positive, and ultrastructural analysis supported the identification of the parasite.
  • Inflammatory lesions associated with T. gondii were also observed in the spleen, lungs, and liver, along with necrotizing typhlitis.

Implications:

  • This case represents the first documented instance of clinical toxoplasmosis in a horse, expanding the known disease spectrum for T. gondii.
  • The findings suggest that T. gondii should be considered as a potential cause of severe gastrointestinal and systemic disease in horses.
  • Further research is warranted to understand the pathogenesis, transmission, and prevalence of clinical toxoplasmosis in equine populations.