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Nuclear protein sorting regulates nucleus composition and gene expression, crucial for determining the fate of a eukaryotic cell. Hence, the entry and exit of molecules across the nuclear envelope is a tightly controlled process. Nuclear protein sorting can be inhibited by one of the following ways: 1) masking cargo signal sequences, 2) modifying the nuclear receptor's affinity for cargo, 3) controlling the nuclear pore size, 4) retaining the cargo during its transit to the cytosol or the...
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Single-Molecule Imaging of Nuclear Transport
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Cargo transport through the nuclear pore complex at a glance.

Giulia Paci1,2,3, Joana Caria1,2,3, Edward A Lemke4,2,3

  • 1Biocentre, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Hans-Dieter-Hüsch-Weg 15, 555128 Mainz, Germany.

Journal of Cell Science
|January 26, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) regulate the transport of molecules into and out of the nucleus. This review details how cargo properties influence this essential nuclear transport process.

Keywords:
Gene therapyLarge cargoesMultivalent bindingNuclear pore complexNuclear transportNuclear transport receptorsVirus

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Eukaryotic cells compartmentalize genetic material within the nucleus, necessitating regulated bidirectional transport across the nuclear envelope.
  • The nuclear pore complex (NPC) is the primary gateway controlling nucleocytoplasmic transport, vital for gene regulation and cell cycle progression.
  • Dysregulation or hijacking of nuclear transport machinery is implicated in various diseases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an overview of nuclear pore complex (NPC) cargo transport from a 'cargo perspective'.
  • To discuss the transport of large cargoes (>15 nm) and the influence of cargo properties on nuclear transport.
  • To cover emerging aspects of nucleocytoplasmic transport.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on nuclear transport.
  • Analysis of cargo properties, including size, nuclear transport receptor (NTR) binding, surface characteristics, and mechanical properties.
  • Focus on the 'cargo perspective' of transport through the NPC.

Main Results:

  • Detailed examination of transport signals and the machinery involved in nucleocytoplasmic transport.
  • Discussion on how cargo size, number of bound nuclear transport receptors (NTRs), and physical properties affect NPC passage.
  • Exploration of factors influencing the transport of large cargoes (>15 nm).

Conclusions:

  • Understanding cargo properties is crucial for comprehending nuclear transport regulation by the NPC.
  • The review highlights key factors governing the movement of macromolecules across the nuclear envelope.
  • This work provides insights into the complex mechanisms underlying nucleocytoplasmic transport.