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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 19, 2025

Human Fear Conditioning Conducted in Full Immersion 3-Dimensional Virtual Reality

Human Fear Conditioning Conducted in Full Immersion 3-Dimensional Virtual Reality

Published on: August 9, 2010

Immersive Rehearsal in a Simulated Environment.

Cassandra Clouse^1,2, Matthew W Ewer², DeAnne French^3,4

¹Department of Biomedical, Industrial, and Human Factors Engineering, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio, 45435, USA.

Military Medicine

|January 27, 2021

Summary

Virtual environments (VEs) can elicit responses in individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This study found VEs can help military veterans rehearse stressful events, with crowded rooms and startle sounds significantly impacting heart rate.

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Area of Science:

Psychology
Virtual Reality Technology
Clinical Psychology

Background:

Virtual environments (VEs) offer safe spaces for therapeutic rehearsal.
Research on VEs for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) treatment is growing, but guidelines for effective environment design are lacking.
This study aimed to inform the design of VEs for military veterans to rehearse stressful events.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate the effectiveness of virtual environments (VEs) for rehearsing stressful events in military veterans.
To determine design guidelines for VEs used in PTSD treatment.
To assess physiological and behavioral responses to specific stimuli within VEs.

Main Methods:

Thirty-eight participants (with and without PTSD) experienced two VEs using Oculus Rift.
The first VE was a tranquil garden for baseline data collection.
The second VE included stimuli designed to evoke PTSD responses, measuring heart rate (ΔHR), discomfort, and behavior.

Main Results:

The PTSD group exhibited significantly higher ΔHR compared to the non-PTSD group (P = .008).
Crowded auditoriums and startle sounds most significantly impacted ΔHR (P < .001).
PTSD group showed more avoidance behavior and a significant interaction between group and stimulus on discomfort scores (P = .043).

Conclusions:

VEs, beyond combat simulations, can elicit significant emotional and physiological responses in individuals with PTSD.
These findings support further research into non-combat VEs for veteran PTSD treatment.
Future VEs should incorporate configurable stimuli, including crowded scenarios and startle noises, to target specific traumatic experiences.