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Related Concept Videos

Muscles of the Shoulder01:23

Muscles of the Shoulder

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The muscles surrounding the shoulder girdle, including the clavicle and scapula, primarily stabilize the scapula. This stable base allows other muscles to move the humerus effectively. Scapular movements often mirror those of the humerus and extend its range of motion. For instance, raising the arm above the head would not be feasible without simultaneous upward rotation of the scapula.
Anterior Thoracic Muscles
The anterior thoracic muscles include the serratus anterior, subclavius, and...
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Muscles that Move the Arm01:31

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Nine muscles are involved in arm movements. Two of these, the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi, originate from the axial skeleton and are called axial muscles. The other seven originate from the scapula and are called the scapular muscles.
The pectoralis major has two origins. Its clavicular head originates on the medial half of the clavicle. In contrast, the sternocostal head originates on the costal cartilages of ribs 1-6, the sternum, and the aponeurosis of the external oblique of the...
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Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

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Author Reply to "Regarding 'Deteriorated Quality and Media Retraction of Tendon Following Acute Traumatic Rotator Cuff Tear Are Predictors of Retear After Arthroscopic Repair'".

Arthroscopy : the journal of arthroscopic & related surgery : official publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association·2026
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The mid-term outcomes on reverse total shoulder arthroplasty with isolated latissimus dorsi transfer in patients with isolated external rotation lag without pseudoparalysis: an average follow-up of 5 years.

Journal of orthopaedic surgery and research·2026
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Patch Augmentation Using Acellular Dermal Matrix During Arthroscopic Rotator Cuff Repair Reduces Retear Rates in High-Risk Patients With Rotator Cuff Healing Index 7 or Higher.

Arthroscopy : the journal of arthroscopic & related surgery : official publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association·2026
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Arm positions with increased risk of subscapularis external impingement at the subcoracoid arch.

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Concomitant subscapularis tendon repair in reverse total shoulder arthroplasty and assessment of superior migration of reattachment: a cadaveric biomechanical study.

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Ultrasound-assisted measurement of humeral version: a radiation-sparing alternative to whole-humerus computed tomography.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 19, 2025

Reverse Total Shoulder Arthroplasty
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Factors affecting internal rotation after reverse shoulder arthroplasty.

Su Cheol Kim1, Je Eun Lee1, Sang Min Lee1

  • 1Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, South Korea.

Journal of Orthopaedic Science : Official Journal of the Japanese Orthopaedic Association
|January 27, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Preoperative internal rotation (IR) is the key predictor of postoperative IR after reverse shoulder arthroplasty (RSA). Patients with better preoperative IR achieve superior outcomes following RSA surgery.

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedic Surgery
  • Biomechanical Engineering

Background:

  • Limited internal rotation (IR) is a significant complication following reverse shoulder arthroplasty (RSA).
  • Predictors of postoperative IR after RSA remain incompletely understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify independent predictors of internal rotation (IR) after reverse shoulder arthroplasty (RSA).

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of 123 primary RSA patients with a minimum 1-year follow-up.
  • Assessed various demographic, surgical, and implant-related factors, including preoperative IR using a 10-point scale.
  • Performed univariable and multivariable analyses to determine factors associated with postoperative IR.

Main Results:

  • Preoperative IR was the sole independent predictor of postoperative IR in multivariable analysis (P < 0.001).
  • Patients with higher preoperative IR scores (8 or 10 points) demonstrated significantly better postoperative IR compared to those with lower scores (2 or 4 points).
  • Preoperative diagnosis, implant type, subscapularis repair, implant lateralization, glenosphere placement, and scapular notching were not independent predictors in this cohort.

Conclusions:

  • Preoperative internal rotation is the most crucial factor influencing postoperative IR after RSA.
  • Optimizing or preserving preoperative IR may enhance functional outcomes in patients undergoing RSA.