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Meaningful Human Control over Autonomous Systems: A Philosophical Account.

Filippo Santoni de Sio1, Jeroen van den Hoven1

  • 1Section Ethics/Philosophy of Technology, Faculty Technology Policy and Management, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands.

Frontiers in Robotics and AI
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Summary

This paper defines meaningful human control for autonomous weapon systems, proposing two conditions: tracking environmental and moral factors, and tracing outcomes to human operators. This ensures ethical AI development and deployment.

Keywords:
AI ethicsautonomous weapon systemsethics of autonomous systemsethics of roboticsmeaningful human controlresponsibility gapresponsible innovation in roboticsvalue-sensitive design in robotics

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Area of Science:

  • Ethics of Artificial Intelligence
  • Robotics and Autonomous Systems
  • Philosophy of Technology

Background:

  • Proliferation of lethal autonomous weapon systems (LAWS) raises ethical concerns regarding increased military wrongs and a potential responsibility gap.
  • The principle of meaningful human control (MHC) is central to legal and political debates on LAWS, emphasizing human oversight.
  • Existing policy and design frameworks lack a precise definition of MHC, hindering its practical implementation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To establish a foundational philosophical account of meaningful human control (MHC) for autonomous systems.
  • To translate MHC principles into actionable design requirements aligned with Responsible Innovation and Value-sensitive Design.
  • To explore the broader implications of the MHC framework for both military and non-military AI applications.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a philosophical account of MHC grounded in the concept of 'guidance control' from free will and moral responsibility debates.
  • Formulated MHC as a set of design requirements, focusing on necessary conditions for maintaining human control over autonomous systems.
  • Proposed two core conditions for MHC: 'tracking' (system responsiveness to reasons and environment) and 'tracing' (accountability for outcomes).

Main Results:

  • Defined MHC through two necessary conditions: 'tracking' and 'tracing'.
  • The 'tracking' condition requires autonomous systems to respond to relevant human moral reasons and environmental facts.
  • The 'tracing' condition mandates that system outcomes must be traceable to a human in the design or operational chain.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed account of MHC provides a theoretical basis and practical design requirements for ethically developing and deploying autonomous systems.
  • Meaningful human control, defined by tracking and tracing conditions, is crucial for addressing ethical concerns in AI and robotics.
  • The MHC framework has implications for the design and use of diverse autonomous systems, including self-driving cars and military applications.