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Related Concept Videos

Complement System01:27

Complement System

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The complement system is a group of approximately 20 plasma proteins that strengthen the body's defenses against infections through opsonization, inflammation, and cell lysis. Opsonization involves coating pathogens with complement proteins, making them more recognizable and facilitating phagocyte engulfment. Certain complement proteins induce inflammation that attracts immune cells to the site of infection. Cell lysis involves the destruction of pathogens through the formation of a...
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Complementation Tests00:49

Complementation Tests

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A complementation test is a simple cross to identify whether the two mutations are located on the same gene or different genes. It was first performed by Edward Lewis in the 1940s while working on fruit flies. He developed the test to identify the location and arrangement of different mutations on chromosomes.
Organisms heterozygous for different mutations are crossed pairwise in all combinations. If present on different genes, the mutations can complement each other by providing the missing...
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Leaky Scanning02:28

Leaky Scanning

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During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R...
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Conjugated Proteins02:50

Conjugated Proteins

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Simple proteins and protein complexes contain only amino acids. In contrast, many other proteins, called conjugated proteins, covalently bond with non-protein moieties.
Nucleoproteins are protein complexes that contain nucleic acids, categorized as deoxyribonucleoproteins (DNPs) or ribonucleoproteins (RNPs) respectively. The nucleosome is a typical example of a DNP where nuclear DNA is associated with histone proteins. The major antigen for the Covid-19 virus SARS-CoV is an RNP that is critical...
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Transposons01:24

Transposons

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Transposons, or "jumping genes," are small mobile genetic elements (MGEs) that range from 700 to 40,000 base pairs in length. They are found in all organisms and can move within the same chromosome or transfer to different chromosomes. In some cases, transposons can also jump between different host DNA molecules, such as plasmids or viruses, contributing to genetic variability.Barbara McClintock first discovered these mobile genetic elements in the 1940s while studying maize genetics, and she...
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Viral Recombination00:57

Viral Recombination

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Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 19, 2025

Production of a SARS-CoV-2 Virus-Like-Particle System to Investigate Viral Life Cycles In Vitro
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Production of a SARS-CoV-2 Virus-Like-Particle System to Investigate Viral Life Cycles In Vitro

Published on: June 6, 2025

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A trans -complementation system for SARS-CoV-2.

Xianwen Zhang, Yang Liu, Jianying Liu

    Biorxiv : the Preprint Server for Biology
    |January 27, 2021
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Researchers developed a trans-complementation system for single-round infectious severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This system enables safe research and antiviral testing in Biosafety Level-2 (BSL-2) laboratories, overcoming BSL-3 culture limitations.

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    Live Imaging and Quantification of Viral Infection in K18 hACE2 Transgenic Mice Using Reporter-Expressing Recombinant SARS-CoV-2
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    Live Imaging and Quantification of Viral Infection in K18 hACE2 Transgenic Mice Using Reporter-Expressing Recombinant SARS-CoV-2

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    Area of Science:

    • Virology
    • Molecular Biology
    • Infectious Diseases

    Background:

    • The requirement for Biosafety Level-3 (BSL-3) laboratories to culture severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) presents a significant obstacle for research and the development of medical countermeasures.
    • Existing research methods are hampered by stringent safety protocols, limiting high-throughput screening and drug discovery.

    Approach:

    • A novel trans-complementation system was engineered, comprising a modified genomic viral RNA lacking specific genes (ORF3 and envelope) and a producer cell line expressing these deleted genes.
    • This system generates single-round infectious SARS-CoV-2 virions that can initiate one replication cycle but cannot produce wild-type virus, thereby enhancing safety.
    • The generated virions were tested in animal models (hamsters and K18-hACE2 transgenic mice), including intracranial inoculation, to assess pathogenicity.

    Key Points:

    • The trans-complementation system successfully produces single-round infectious SARS-CoV-2, accurately mimicking authentic viral replication.
    • These engineered virions can be safely utilized in Biosafety Level-2 (BSL-2) laboratories, significantly broadening accessibility for critical research.
    • Animal studies confirmed the lack of detectable disease, even at high doses and via intracranial inoculation, underscoring the system's safety profile.

    Conclusions:

    • The developed trans-complementation platform provides a safer and more accessible method for studying SARS-CoV-2.
    • This innovation facilitates high-throughput neutralization assays and antiviral testing, accelerating the development of effective countermeasures.
    • The platform's compatibility with BSL-2 laboratories represents a major advancement in combating the ongoing threat of SARS-CoV-2 and future viral outbreaks.