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Updated: Nov 19, 2025

Determining the Toxicity of UV Radiation and Chemicals on Primary and Immortalized Human Corneal Epithelial Cells
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Correlation between Keratoconus and Pollution.

Tristan Jurkiewicz1,2, Anne-Sophie Marty3

  • 1Pierre Wertheimer Hospital, Neuro-ophthalmology department, Bron, France.

Ophthalmic Epidemiology
|January 27, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Air pollution, specifically fine particulate matter (PM) 2.5 and PM 10, is an emerging risk factor for keratoconus. Higher pollution levels correlate with increased keratoconus prevalence, suggesting a direct or indirect role in its development.

Keywords:
Keratoconusepidemiologyfine particlespollutionrisk factor

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Environmental Science
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Keratoconus is a multifactorial corneal ectasia.
  • Established risk factors include UV radiation, eye rubbing, and atopy.
  • The role of environmental pollution, particularly particulate matter (PM), in keratoconus is under investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the correlation between ambient air pollution levels and keratoconus prevalence.
  • To assess particulate matter (PM) 2.5 and PM 10 as potential risk factors for keratoconus.

Main Methods:

  • A correlation study design was employed.
  • Data on particulate matter (PM) 2.5 and PM 10 levels were sourced from WHO data.
  • Epidemiological study prevalences of keratoconus were correlated with pollution data using the Pearson test.

Main Results:

  • The mean PM 2.5 level was 29.1 ± 24.3 μg/m³ and PM 10 was 57.2 ± 56.2 μg/m³.
  • A moderate correlation was found between keratoconus prevalence and PM 2.5 levels (R=0.51, p=0.022).
  • A strong correlation was observed between keratoconus prevalence and PM 10 levels (R=0.71, p<0.001).

Conclusions:

  • Fine particulate matter (PM) emerges as a significant risk factor for keratoconus.
  • Pollution may exacerbate known risk factors like atopy and eye rubbing.
  • Particulate matter might directly impact corneal cells, increasing apoptosis and affecting collagen structure.