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    Area of Science:

    • Robotics
    • Control Systems
    • Artificial Intelligence

    Background:

    • Quadrotor systems are complex, nonlinear, and difficult to model accurately for control.
    • Coordinated control of heterogeneous multi-quadrotor systems presents significant challenges.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To address the data-driven optimal formation control for a heterogeneous quadrotor team.
    • To develop a controller that learns system dynamics without prior knowledge.

    Main Methods:

    • Proposed an optimal cascade formation controller with position and attitude controllers.
    • Employed a reinforcement learning (RL) approach to learn the controller from system data.
    • Utilized a virtual leader for tracking and formation guidance.

    Main Results:

    • The RL-based controller successfully learned optimal formation control strategies.
    • Simulations demonstrated effective formation flight for a heterogeneous multi-quadrotor system.
    • The proposed controller achieved accurate virtual leader tracking and formation maintenance.

    Conclusions:

    • The data-driven RL approach is effective for optimal formation control of quadrotors with unknown dynamics.
    • The proposed cascade controller enables heterogeneous quadrotor teams to achieve complex formation maneuvers.
    • This method offers a robust solution for practical quadrotor formation applications.