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Related Concept Videos

Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Cancer Vaccines01:30

Cancer Vaccines

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Cancer treatment vaccines are a rapidly evolving field that offers a promising approach to immunotherapy. Unlike traditional vaccines that prevent diseases, cancer treatment vaccines are designed to treat existing cancers by stimulating the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells.
Cancer vaccines come in two categories: preventive (prophylactic) and treatment (active). Preventive vaccines, such as the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, protect against viruses that cause certain...
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Targeted Cancer Therapies02:57

Targeted Cancer Therapies

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The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
There are several types of targeted therapies against...
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Combination Therapies and Personalized Medicine02:50

Combination Therapies and Personalized Medicine

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Combining two or more treatment methods increases the life span of cancer patients while reducing damage to vital organs or tissue from the overuse of a single treatment. Combination therapy also targets different cancer-inducing pathways, thus reducing the chances of developing resistance to treatment.
The combination of the drug acetazolamide and sulforaphane is a good example of combination therapy to treat cancer. The cells in the interior of a large tumor often die due to the hypoxic and...
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Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response01:27

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

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Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
Immunological surveillance is the ability of immune cells to monitor and eliminate infected cells with intracellular pathogens, neoplastically transformed cells, and cells with non-self antigens. Cytotoxic T cells and NK...
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Cancer Therapies02:49

Cancer Therapies

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Cancer therapies are various modes of treatment, such as surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy that are administered to cancer patients.
However, cancer treatments can pose several challenges, as therapies used to kill cancer cells are generally also toxic to normal cells. Moreover, cancer cells mutate rapidly and can develop resistance to chemical agents or radiation therapy. Besides, all types of cancer cells may not respond to the same therapy. Some cancer cells respond to one...
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Updated: Nov 19, 2025

A Nonviral Approach to Generate Transient Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cells Using mRNA for Cancer Immunotherapy
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A Nonviral Approach to Generate Transient Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cells Using mRNA for Cancer Immunotherapy

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Next-Generation Immunotherapies to Improve Anticancer Immunity.

Yaoyao Shi1, Katarzyna Tomczak1, June Li1

  • 1Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States.

Frontiers in Pharmacology
|January 28, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Checkpoint inhibitors can reinvigorate T cells but have limited efficacy and side effects. Understanding the tumor microenvironment (TME) immune cell interactions is key to developing improved cancer immunotherapies.

Keywords:
B cellsDCNK cellscombination immunotherapyneutrophils

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Oncology
  • Cancer Research

Background:

  • Checkpoint inhibitors are a cornerstone of cancer immunotherapy, aiming to restore T cell function within the tumor microenvironment (TME).
  • Despite their use, checkpoint inhibitors exhibit limited response rates, a narrow spectrum of efficacy, and notable side effects.
  • The TME comprises diverse immune cells that critically influence T cell activity and therapeutic outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the complex immune mechanisms within the tumor microenvironment (TME).
  • To explore the roles of various immune cell subsets in cancer immunity and immunotherapy response.
  • To identify strategies for improving existing immunotherapies and developing novel combinations based on clinical outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature review of immune cell interactions in the TME.
  • Analysis of antigen presentation pathways involving dendritic cells and B cells.
  • Examination of the roles of neutrophils and natural killer (NK) cells in modulating anti-tumor immunity.
  • Review of clinical data from patients treated with immunotherapies targeting these cells.

Main Results:

  • Dendritic cells initiate T cell activation via cross-presentation and cytokine release.
  • B cells act as antigen-presenting cells, support T cells, and produce antibodies.
  • Neutrophils can suppress T cell responses, while NK cells provide innate immunity against MHC I-negative tumor cells.
  • Interactions among these immune cells dictate the overall anti-tumor immune response.

Conclusions:

  • A deep understanding of TME immune dynamics is essential for advancing cancer immunotherapy.
  • Targeting specific immune cell subsets and their interactions holds promise for enhancing therapeutic efficacy.
  • Optimizing immunotherapy strategies may involve combination therapies tailored to the tumor's immune context.