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Related Concept Videos

Insulin Formulations: Types and Delivery01:27

Insulin Formulations: Types and Delivery

401
Insulin preparations are categorized by their duration of action into short-acting and long-acting types. Two strategies are used to modify insulin's absorption and pharmacokinetic profile: slowing the absorption post-subcutaneous injection, or altering human insulin's amino acid sequence or protein structure. These changes retain the insulin's ability to bind to the insulin receptor, but alter its behavior in solution or after injection.
Short-acting insulins are divided into...
401
Insulin: Biosynthesis, Chemistry, and Preparation01:25

Insulin: Biosynthesis, Chemistry, and Preparation

846
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of pancreatic β-cells synthesizes preproinsulin, which consists of a signal peptide, A and B chains, and a C-peptide. Preproinsulin is then cleaved and folded into proinsulin, which translocates to the Golgi apparatus for sorting and packaging into secretory granules. In these granules, enzymatic clipping generates insulin and C-peptide.
Damage or functional impairment of β-cells inhibits insulin production, leading to diabetes. Diabetes treatment...
846
Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes01:22

Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes

602
Drug delivery methods like oral inhalation, nasal sprays, transdermal patches, eye drops, intravitreal injection,  and rectal administration provide localized effects with reduced toxicity.
Oral inhalation and nasal sprays swiftly transfer drugs across the respiratory epithelium's mucosal layer. Inhaled glucocorticoids and bronchodilators directly target lung conditions such as asthma, while fluticasone nasal spray mitigates allergic rhinitis.
Transdermal patches transport drugs...
602
Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects01:16

Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects

410
Insulin-replacement therapy usually includes both long-acting insulin (basal) and short-acting insulin (to cater to postprandial needs). In a diverse group of type 1 diabetes patients, the average daily insulin dose is typically 0.5-0.7 units/kg body weight. However, obese patients and pubertal adolescents may need more due to insulin resistance.
The basal dose constitutes about 40%-50% of the total daily dose, with the rest as premeal insulin. The mealtime insulin dose should mirror...
410
Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Glinides01:06

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Glinides

407
Repaglinide (Prandin) and Nateglinide (Starlix), known as glinides, are oral insulin secretagogues that stimulate insulin release from pancreatic β cells by closing the ATP-sensitive potassium channels (KATP channel). Repaglinide controls insulin release from pancreatic β cells by managing potassium efflux. It shares two binding sites with sulfonylureas and also has a unique site, indicating overlapping mechanisms of action. With a rapid onset and a 4-7 hour duration, it effectively...
407
Inhaled Medications01:23

Inhaled Medications

539
Inhaled medications are crucial for managing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma. They are essential for effective treatment and control, ensuring optimal respiratory health and well-being. Inhaled medication delivers drugs directly to the lungs, providing a rapid onset of action and reducing systemic side effects compared to oral or injectable medications. Three primary types of inhalation devices are used to administer these medications: nebulizers, metered-dose inhalers...
539

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Intranasal Administration of CNS Therapeutics to Awake Mice
07:15

Intranasal Administration of CNS Therapeutics to Awake Mice

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Intranasal insulin.

Manfred Hallschmid1,2,3

  • 1Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioural Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.

Journal of Neuroendocrinology
|January 28, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Intranasal insulin effectively targets the brain, improving metabolism and cognition with minimal side effects. Further research is needed to optimize its clinical application for conditions like Alzheimer's disease.

Keywords:
Alzheimer's diseasebrain insulin signallingcognitionintranasal administrationmemorymetabolismmoodolfactionsleep

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Endocrinology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Intranasal (IN) insulin delivery bypasses systemic circulation, targeting the central nervous system via olfactory pathways.
  • Decades of research show IN insulin impacts metabolism (food intake, body weight, glucose homeostasis) and cognition (memory enhancement).
  • Emerging evidence suggests IN insulin influences neuroendocrine, sleep, sensory, and mood functions, with potential sex and age-related differences.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the efficacy and safety of intranasal insulin for metabolic and cognitive disorders.
  • To explore the concept of 'brain insulin resistance' as a therapeutic target.
  • To identify areas for methodological and conceptual advancement in IN insulin research.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing human studies (healthy individuals and patients) on IN insulin.
  • Analysis of functional effects on metabolism and cognition.
  • Evaluation of safety profiles and emerging findings.

Main Results:

  • IN insulin demonstrates a favorable safety profile and functional effects on metabolism and cognition.
  • Studies indicate potential benefits for mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease.
  • Negative outcomes in longer-term trials highlight the need for further research.

Conclusions:

  • IN insulin shows promise for treating metabolic and cognitive disorders linked to brain insulin resistance.
  • Conceptual and methodological advancements are crucial for successful clinical translation.
  • Further investigation into sex and age differences is warranted.