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Related Concept Videos

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Notch Signaling Pathway

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The Notch signaling pathway is a major intracellular signaling pathway that is highly conserved over a broad spectrum of metazoan species. It stands unique from other intracellular signaling mechanisms in animals because notch protein itself acts as the receptor as well as the primary signaling molecule.
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Despite the protective membrane that separates a cell from the environment, cells need the ability to detect and respond to environmental changes. Additionally, cells often need to communicate with one another. Unicellular and multicellular organisms use a variety of cell signaling mechanisms to communicate with the environment.
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A migrating cell changes its shape during the cyclic events of attachment and detachment from the substratum and repositions the cell organelles correspondingly. These complex events are orchestrated by the dynamic cytoskeletal network comprising actin filaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules. Cytoskeletal crosstalk — the direct and indirect communication between the different components — is crucial for this coordination. Direct communication involves various linker...
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During embryogenesis, cells become progressively committed to different fates through a two-step process: specification followed by determination. Specification is demonstrated by removing a segment of an early embryo, “neutrally” culturing the tissue in vitro—for example, in a petri dish with simple medium—and then observing the derivatives. If the cultured region gives rise to cell types that it would normally generate in the embryo, this means that it is specified. In...
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The physiological function of a cell and cellular communication are outcomes of a range of extrinsic signals, intracellular signaling pathways, and cellular responses. No two cell types express the same repertoire of signaling components. Receptors are highly selective for their cognate ligands, but once activated, they can alter multiple cellular processes such as DNA transcription, protein synthesis, and metabolic activity. 
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The Hedgehog gene (Hh) was first discovered due to its control of the growth of disorganized, hair-like bristles phenotype in Drosophila, much like hedgehog spines. Hh plays a crucial role in the development of organs and the maintenance of homeostasis in both invertebrates and vertebrates. However, while Drosophila has only one Hh protein, mammals have multiple functional Hedgehog proteins - Sonic (Shh), Desert (Dhh), and Indian Hedgehog (Ihh). All of these homologous proteins have adapted to...
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Updated: Nov 19, 2025

Using Confocal Analysis of Xenopus laevis to Investigate Modulators of Wnt and Shh Morphogen Gradients
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Coordination of local and long range signaling modulates developmental patterning.

Carly Williamson1, Helen M Chamberlin2, Adriana T Dawes3

  • 1Department of Mathematics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States.

Journal of Theoretical Biology
|January 28, 2021
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Mathematical models reveal how cells balance long-range and local signals to create robust, repeating cell fate patterns essential for organism development. This balance ensures both pattern extension and type determination.

Keywords:
Biological patternsDevelopmental biologyDifferential equations

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Mathematical Modeling
  • Systems Biology

Background:

  • Multicellular organism development requires precise cell fate patterning for functional tissues.
  • Alternating cell fates, a common developmental pattern, involve distinct gene/protein expression in neighboring cells.
  • Conserved signaling networks, using long-range and local signals, regulate these patterns, but their interaction is not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate how local and long-range signals interact to produce robust and flexible cell fate patterns.
  • Analyze the dynamics of cell fate patterning, focusing on a two-cell repeating pattern.
  • Develop a mathematical framework to understand developmental patterning.

Main Methods:

  • Bifurcation analysis of a multicellular ordinary differential equation (ODE) model.
  • Derivation of a continuum partial differential equation (PDE) model integrating local and long-range signaling.
  • Analysis of patterning dynamics near a bifurcation point.

Main Results:

  • Cells must balance sensitivity to external signals with robustness to perturbations.
  • Sensitivity to long-range signals dictates pattern spatial extent.
  • The number of local signaling connections determines the specific pattern type produced.

Conclusions:

  • A general framework for understanding developmental patterning is provided.
  • Both long-range and local signals are crucial for generating observed biological features.
  • This model applies to diverse processes from nematode vulval development to stem cell fate in intestinal crypts.