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Brain microstructure mediates sex-specific patterns of cognitive aging.

Emilie T Reas1, Donald J Hagler2, Allison J Zhong3

  • 1Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.

Aging
|January 29, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Brain microstructure changes impact cognitive aging differently in men and women. Restriction spectrum imaging revealed sex-specific pathways linking brain structure to cognitive decline in older adults.

Keywords:
cognitive functiondiffusion MRImemorynormal agingsex differences

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Gerontology
  • Medical Imaging

Background:

  • Normal brain aging involves declining neuronal integrity.
  • Mechanisms linking microstructural injury to cognitive aging, and potential sex differences, are not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate sex differences in the association between brain microstructure and cognitive function in older adults.
  • To explore how brain microstructure mediates the effects of aging on cognition in men and women.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized restriction spectrum imaging (RSI) to assess gray and white matter microstructure.
  • Examined correlations between diffusion metrics (restricted, hindered, and free isotropic diffusion) and cognitive performance (global cognition, executive function, memory) in 147 older adults.
  • Analyzed sex differences in these associations and mediation patterns.

Main Results:

  • Brain microstructure correlated significantly with various cognitive functions, particularly with restricted, hindered, and free isotropic diffusion.
  • Associations between microstructure and cognition were stronger in women than in men.
  • Isotropic diffusion mediated age-related cognitive changes, with distinct pathways identified for women (hippocampal and corpus callosum microstructure) and men (fornix and corpus callosum microstructure).

Conclusions:

  • Sex-specific pathways exist by which brain cytoarchitecture changes contribute to cognitive aging.
  • RSI may be a valuable tool for assessing cognitive decline risk and monitoring interventions for brain health in aging individuals.