Hemostatic strategies for uncontrolled bleeding: A comprehensive update

Area of Science:

• Biomedical Engineering
• Materials Science
• Emergency Medicine

Background:

• Uncontrolled bleeding is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity, particularly from internal hemorrhage.
• Current treatments like pressure dressings and tourniquets are ineffective for deep internal injuries.
• There is a critical need for effective interventions to manage internal bleeding, especially in emergency and combat situations.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review traditional hemostatic agents used to augment hemostasis.
• To explore the potential of micro- and nano-based hemostatic agents.
• To highlight advancements in treating uncontrolled internal bleeding.

Main Methods:

• Literature review of hemostatic agents.
• Analysis of traditional agents (zeolites, chitosan, etc.).
• Examination of advanced agents (synthocytes, synthetic platelets).

Main Results:

• Traditional agents include mineral zeolites, chitosan, and anti-fibrinolytics.
• Emerging agents involve micro- and nano-based technologies like synthocytes and synthetic platelets.
• Current treatments are insufficient for internal bleeding.

Conclusions:

• Effective treatments for internal bleeding are urgently needed.
• Micro- and nano-based hemostatic agents show promise for future applications.
• Advancements in hemostatic agents are crucial for reducing mortality from hemorrhage.