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Phosphodiester Linkages01:01

Phosphodiester Linkages

107.5K
Overview
Phosphodiester bond forms when a phosphoric acid molecule (H3PO4) links with two hydroxyl groups (–OH) of two other molecules, forming two ester bonds. Two water molecules are released in this process. The phosphodiester bond is commonly found in nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) and plays a critical role in their structure and function.
Phosphodiester Bonds Link Nucleotides Together
DNA and RNA are polynucleotides or long chains of nucleotides that are linked together. A nucleotide is...
107.5K
SN2 Reaction: Mechanism02:27

SN2 Reaction: Mechanism

16.1K
The kinetic studies of SN2 reactions suggest an essential feature of its mechanism: it is a single-step process without intermediates. Here, both the nucleophile and the substrate participate in the rate-determining step.
The presence of the more electronegative halogen in the substrate creates a polarized carbon-halide bond. The halide pulls the electron cloud generating an electrophilic center at the carbon atom. Thus, the carbon atom carries a partial positive charge while the halide has a...
16.1K
Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals II03:35

Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals II

42.8K
sp3d and sp3d 2 Hybridization
42.8K
Phosphoinositides and PIPs01:42

Phosphoinositides and PIPs

9.6K
Phosphoinositides are a group of phospholipids containing a glycerol backbone with two fatty acid chains and a phosphate attached to a myoinositol sugar ring. The inositol head group extends into the cytoplasm, where it is modified by adding phosphate groups to form phosphatidylinositol phosphates or PIPs.
Different phosphoinositides are synthesized and recruited on the cytosolic face of the plasma membrane. The localization of specific phosphoinositides concentrated in separate membrane...
9.6K
SN1 Reaction: Mechanism02:25

SN1 Reaction: Mechanism

13.3K
Kinetic studies of ionization of a tertiary halide in a protic solvent suggest that only the substrate participates in the rate-determining step (slow step). The nucleophile is involved only after the slowest step. The SN1 reaction takes place in a multiple-step mechanism. 
Firstly, the haloalkane ionizes to generate a carbocation intermediate and a halide ion. This heterolytic cleavage is highly endothermic with large activation energy. The ionization of the substrate, facilitated by a...
13.3K
Aldehydes and Ketones to Alkenes: Wittig Reaction Mechanism01:14

Aldehydes and Ketones to Alkenes: Wittig Reaction Mechanism

4.4K
The Wittig reaction, which converts aldehydes or ketones to alkenes using phosphorus ylides, proceeds through a nucleophilic addition‒elimination process.
The reaction begins with the nucleophilic addition between a phosphorus ylide and the carbonyl compound. Due to its carbanionic character,  phosphorus ylide acts as a strong nucleophile and attacks the electrophilic carbonyl group. This generates a charge-separated dipolar intermediate called betaine. The negatively charged oxygen atom and...
4.4K

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 19, 2025

Author Spotlight: Experimental Approaches for the Synthesis of Low-Valent Metal-Organic Frameworks from Multitopic Phosphine Linkers
07:14

Author Spotlight: Experimental Approaches for the Synthesis of Low-Valent Metal-Organic Frameworks from Multitopic Phosphine Linkers

Published on: May 12, 2023

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Formation Mechanisms for Phosphorene and SnIP.

Markus R P Pielmeier1, Tom Nilges1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85748, Garching b. München, Germany.

Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)
|January 29, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Researchers explored the formation mechanisms of phosphorene and SnIP, two important semiconductor materials. Understanding these processes is key for developing advanced materials for energy applications.

Keywords:
SnIP double helix materialab initio calculationsblack phosphorus/phosphorenematerials sciencereaction mechanism

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Preparation and Use of Carbonyl-decorated Carbenes in the Activation of White Phosphorus
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Preparation and Use of Carbonyl-decorated Carbenes in the Activation of White Phosphorus
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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Solid State Chemistry

Background:

  • Phosphorene (2D) and SnIP (1D) are semiconductors with unique properties.
  • Their synthesis is crucial for energy conversion, storage, and catalysis.
  • Existing synthesis routes for phosphorene and SnIP are often top-down approaches.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the formation mechanisms of black phosphorus/phosphorene and SnIP.
  • To understand the reaction pathways from elemental phosphorus and tin precursors.

Main Methods:

  • Direct gas phase reaction of red phosphorus (P4) and tin(II) iodide (SnI2).
  • Analysis of reaction intermediates and side products.

Main Results:

  • Detailed reaction mechanisms for Pblack/phosphorene and SnIP formation were elucidated.
  • Identified key intermediates and reaction conditions influencing material formation.

Conclusions:

  • The study provides fundamental insights into the synthesis of phosphorene and SnIP.
  • Understanding these mechanisms can optimize material production for technological applications.