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Related Concept Videos

Semiconductors01:22

Semiconductors

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There is variation in the electrical conductivity of materials - metals, semiconductors, and insulators that are showcased with the help of the energy band diagrams.
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Coordination compounds and complexes exhibit different colors, geometries, and magnetic behavior, depending on the metal atom/ion and ligands from which they are composed. In an attempt to explain the bonding and structure of coordination complexes, Linus Pauling proposed the valence bond theory, or VBT, using the concepts of hybridization and the overlapping of the atomic orbitals. According to VBT, the central metal atom or ion (Lewis acid) hybridizes to provide empty orbitals of suitable...
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Intrinsic semiconductors are highly pure materials with no impurities. At absolute zero, these semiconductors behave as perfect insulators because all the valence electrons are bound, and the conduction band is empty, disallowing electrical conduction. The Fermi level is a concept used to describe the probability of occupancy of energy levels by electrons at thermal equilibrium. In intrinsic semiconductors, the Fermi level is positioned at the midpoint of the energy gap at absolute zero. When...
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A permanent electric dipole orients itself along an external electric field. This rotation can be quantified by defining the potential energy because the external torque does work in rotating it. Then, the potential energy is minimum at the parallel configuration and maximum at the antiparallel configuration. While the former is a stable equilibrium, the latter is an unstable equilibrium.
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P-N junction01:11

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A p-n junction is formed when p-type and n-type semiconductor materials are joined together. At the interface of the p-n junction, holes from the p-side and electrons from the n-side begin to diffuse into the opposite sides due to the concentration gradient. This diffusion of carriers leads to a region around the junction where there are no free charge carriers, known as the depletion region. The charge density within the depletion region for the n-side and p-side can be described by the...
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Trends in Lattice Energy: Ion Size and Charge02:54

Trends in Lattice Energy: Ion Size and Charge

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An ionic compound is stable because of the electrostatic attraction between its positive and negative ions. The lattice energy of a compound is a measure of the strength of this attraction. The lattice energy (ΔHlattice) of an ionic compound is defined as the energy required to separate one mole of the solid into its component gaseous ions. For the ionic solid sodium chloride, the lattice energy is the enthalpy change of the process:
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Topological Charge Pumping in Excitonic Insulators.

Zhiyuan Sun1, Andrew J Millis1,2

  • 1Department of Physics, Columbia University, 538 West 120th Street, New York, New York 10027, USA.

Physical Review Letters
|January 29, 2021
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An electric field can induce and rotate a p-wave component in excitonic insulators, creating a Thouless charge pump. This process pumps two electrons per cycle in 1D systems, with higher dimensions offering multiple pumping channels.

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Area of Science:

  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Excitonic insulators feature electron-hole pairing, typically in an s-wave state.
  • Understanding the response of these materials to external fields is crucial for novel electronic applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effect of electric fields on the order parameter of excitonic insulators.
  • To explore the realization of Thouless charge pumps in these systems.

Main Methods:

  • Theoretical analysis of excitonic insulators under electric fields.
  • Investigation of order parameter dynamics in the s+ip plane.
  • Dimensional analysis of charge pumping mechanisms.

Main Results:

  • An applied electric field induces a p-wave component in the s-wave order parameter.
  • The order parameter rotates in the s+ip plane, realizing a Thouless charge pump.
  • Each rotation cycle pumps two electrons in 1D; higher dimensions exhibit multiple pumping channels.

Conclusions:

  • Electric field control offers a pathway to engineer Thouless charge pumps in excitonic insulators.
  • The study provides insights into charge transport phenomena beyond the adiabatic limit, including dissipation.