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Related Concept Videos

Phase Transitions02:31

Phase Transitions

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Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
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Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing02:39

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing

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Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
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Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation02:39

Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation

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The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase molecules...
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Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition02:33

Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition

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Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
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Phase Changes01:19

Phase Changes

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Phase transitions play an important theoretical and practical role in the study of heat flow. In melting or fusion, a solid turns into a liquid; the opposite process is freezing. In evaporation, a liquid turns into a gas; the opposite process is condensation.
A substance melts or freezes at a temperature called its melting point and boils or condenses at its boiling point. These temperatures depend on pressure. High pressure favors the denser form of the substance, so typically, high pressure...
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Phase Diagram01:19

Phase Diagram

6.5K
The phase of a given substance depends on the pressure and temperature. Thus, plots of pressure versus temperature showing the phase in each region provide considerable insights into the thermal properties of substances. Such plots are known as phase diagrams. For instance, in the phase diagram for water (Figure 1), the solid curve boundaries between the phases indicate phase transitions (i.e., temperatures and pressures at which the phases coexist).
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Orientational Transition in a Liquid Crystal Triggered by the Thermodynamic Growth of Interfacial Wetting Sheets
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Orientational Transition in a Liquid Crystal Triggered by the Thermodynamic Growth of Interfacial Wetting Sheets

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Dynamical Transitions and Critical Behavior between Discrete Time Crystal Phases.

Xiaoqin Yang1, Zi Cai1,2

  • 1Wilczek Quantum Center and Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.

Physical Review Letters
|January 29, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Researchers explored a novel phase ramping protocol to observe excitation-like behavior in nonequilibrium quantum matter. This study reveals a dynamical transition between discrete time crystal phases, analogous to spatial soliton excitations.

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Area of Science:

  • Quantum physics
  • Condensed matter physics
  • Non-equilibrium statistical mechanics

Background:

  • Spontaneous symmetry breaking and elementary excitations are key concepts in equilibrium physics.
  • Their interplay governs dynamics, spectrum, and structure of excitations.
  • Understanding these phenomena in non-equilibrium systems is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate excitation-like behavior in a discrete time crystal phase.
  • To explore spontaneous temporal translational symmetry breaking in non-equilibrium quantum matter.
  • To analyze the effects of a phase ramping protocol.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing an exactly solvable model.
  • Implementing a phase ramping protocol to induce transitions.
  • Analyzing the dynamics of a discrete time crystal phase.

Main Results:

  • A dynamical transition between two Z_{2} symmetry breaking time crystal phases was induced by slow ramping.
  • This transition is analogous to temporal soliton excitations.
  • A critical ramping rate was identified, exhibiting critical slowing down.

Conclusions:

  • The phase ramping protocol provides a method to study non-equilibrium quantum phenomena.
  • Discrete time crystals exhibit excitation-like behaviors analogous to spatial excitations.
  • The study highlights the role of symmetry breaking in non-equilibrium dynamics and stability against noise.